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| Device type | Subtypes | Commercial products | Strengths | Limitations |
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| Voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea | N/A | SpiroTiger | Real-time biofeedback | Relatively expensive and complex equipment
Limited portability
Training is strenuous and time-consuming |
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| Flow-resistive loading | Analog | Breather, P-Flex | Inexpensive
Highly portable | Load varies with flow rate
Limited biofeedback capability |
| | Digital | POWERbreathe K-series | Highly programmable
Automated data collection
Real-time biofeedback with Breathe-Link software for K4/K5
KH1 allows measurement of MIP
Wide range of resistance (5–200 cm H2O) | Relatively expensive
Full functionality for K4/K5 devices requires a computer, which increases cost and decreases portability |
| | | PrO2 | Highly portable
Highly programmable
Automated data collection
Real-time biofeedback provided via smartphone app
Measurement of MIP | Relatively expensive
Full functionality requires a smartphone/tablet and an app |
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| Pressure-threshold loading | N/A | Threshold IMT | Inexpensive
Highly portable
Load is relatively independent of flow rate
Calibration markings are easy to interpret and set | Limited biofeedback capability
Available load is low range and narrow (9–41 cm H2O) |
| | | Analog devices from POWERbreathe (e.g., Medic, Classic, Plus) | Inexpensive
Highly portable
Load is relatively independent of flow rate
Relatively wide range of loads available | Limited biofeedback capability
Can be difficult to determine range of load for various models
Ordinal calibration markings do not quantify load |
| | | EMST75/150 with IA150 | Relatively inexpensive
Highly portable
Load is relatively independent of flow rate (mm)
Relatively wide range of loads available (5–75 cm H2O with EMST75; 30–150 cm H2O with EMST150) | Limited biofeedback capability
For inspiratory training, both expiratory device (EMST75 or EMST150) and inspiratory adapter (IA150) are required
Calibration markings to quantify load may be difficult to interpret |
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