Therapeutic Approaches in COVID-19 Patients: The Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System

Table 2

Drug administration in patients with COVID-19.

Study/Subject	Drugs and doses	Time (T) and duration (D) of treatments	Outcome
BK inhibition
Man and woman (case-control)	1) 3 doses of 30 mg of icatibant (B receptor blocker of BK) by sc injection at 6-hour intervals	(i) T: at the onset of admission to hospital	A significant reduction in oxygen supplementation [46]
	2) Standard medications	(ii) D: 18 h (3 times each 6 hours)
Man and woman (randomized trial protocol)	1) Icatibant 30 mg subcutaneously, 3 doses	(i) T: ≤12 days since the onset of the symptoms	Reducing the complications caused by COVID-19 pneumonia and duration of hospitalization [84]
	2) The inhibitor of C1e/kallikrein 20 U/kg, i.v on day 1 and 4	(ii) D: 4 days
	3) Standard medications
COX inhibition
Man and woman (prospective cohort study)	1) Different NSAIDs	(i) T: acute: day1 chronic: before COVID-19; (ii) D: different	Mortality and hospital admission did not differ in acute and chronic treatments [85]
	2) Standard medications
Man and woman (prospective cohort study)	1) Different NSAIDs	(i) T: different; (ii) D: within 14 days before hospital admission	It was not associated with higher mortality or increased severity of disease [94]
	2) Standard medications
Man and woman (retrospective cohort study)	1) Different NSAIDs	T: different	(i) Effective in mild disease; (ii) COX-2 inhibitor was effective in severe disease; (iii) Nonselective COX inhibitors had worse effects [107]
	2) Standard medications	D: different
ACE2
45-year-old woman (case report)	1) Soluble recombinant ACE2 (APN01), 0·4 mg/kg)	(i) T: 9 days after the onset of symptoms	ACE2 was well tolerated with no obvious side effects [97]
	2) Hydroxychloroquine, FIO2 of 70%, intubation, mechanical ventilation, cefuroxime, aztreonam	(ii) D: 5 minutes infusion twice a day lasting for 7 days
Low-dose radiation
Man and woman (clinical trial)	1) Whole lung irradiation; 2) National protocol for the management of COVID-19	Radiation in a single fraction of 0.5 Gy	Encouraging results for oxygen dependency in 3 of 5 patients [104]
Man and woman (clinical trial)	1) Whole lung irradiation	A single-fraction radiation dose of 1.5 Gy	No worsening of the cytokine storm was observed in 4 of the 5 patients [105]