Cardiovascular Disease-Related Lifestyle Factors among People with Type 2 Diabetes in Pakistan: A Multicentre Study for the Prevalence, Clustering, and Associated Sociodemographic Determinants

Table 2

Proportion distribution and clustering pattern of lifestyle risk factors and their associations with CVD among study participants.

Characteristics	Overall n	Having CVD n (%)	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Model I
Physical activity
Yes	309	72 (23.3)	1	1
No	578	197 (34.1)	1.7 (1.2–2.3)	1.6 (1.2–2.3)
Psychosocial factors
No	254	49 (19.3)	1	1
Yes	633	220 (34.8)	2.2 (1.6–3.2)	1.9 (1.4–2.8)
Passive smoking
No	531	136 (25.6)	1	1
Yes	356	133 (37.4)	1.7 (1.3–2.3)	1.7 (1.2–2.3)
Model II
Clustering of lifestyle factors
No factor	78	7 (9.0)	1
1 factor	244	51 (20.9)	2.7 (1.2–6.2)
2 or three factors	565	211 (37.3)	6.1 (2.7–13.7)

After adjustment for age, sex, educational status, and body mass index.