Toll-Like Receptors in Ischaemia and Its Potential Role in the Pathophysiology of Muscle Damage in Critical Limb Ischaemia

Table 1

Exogenous/endogenous ligands and antagonists of TLRs; n.d.: not discovered.

TLR	Microbial ligands	Endogenous ligands	Antagonists
TLR1/TLR2	Triacyl lipopeptides (Pam3CSK4)	n.d.	n.d.
TLR2/TLR6	Diacyl lipopeptides (Pam2CSK4), zymosan, porins, bacterial peptidoglycan, LPSs of gram positive bacteria	HSP-60, HSP-70, HMGB-1	n.d.
TLR3	Ds RNA	mRNA	n.d.
TLR4	LPS	HSP-22, HSP-60, HSP-70, HSP-96, fibrinogen, HMGB-1, hyaluronan fragments, fibronectin (extra domain A)	Eritoran (E5564, a lipid A derivative), TAK-242
TLR5	Flagellin	n.d.	n.d.
TLR7	ssRNA (viral)	ssRNA (immune complexes)	CpG ODN, CpG 52364
TLR8	ssRNA (viral)	ssRNA (immune complexes)	CpG 52364
TLR9	DNA (bacterial/viral)	DNA (immune complexes)	CpG ODN, CpG 52364
TLR11	Toxoplasma gondii	n.d.	n.d.
TLR10, 12, 13	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.