Omega-3 Status and the Relationship between Plasma Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participants by quartiles and in the upper decile of plasma ADMA concentration1.
Quartiles
Upper decile
1
2
3
4
0.46 (0.10, 0.50)
0.54 (0.50, 0.59)
0.63 (0.59, 0.70)
0.80 (0.70, 1.71)
trend2
0.89 (0.82, 1.71)
Male sex, (%)
287 (83.9)
261 (77.0)
249 (72.8)
222 (65.1)
<0.001
90 (66.2)
Age (years), mean (±SD)
58 (±9.7)
61 (±9.7)
62 (±10.7)
64 (±11.0)
<0.001
65.5 (±11.2)
BMI (kg/m2), mean (±SD)
27.1 (±3.55)
26.6 (±3.51)
26.4 (±4.15)
26.5 (±3.84)
0.02
26.3 (±4.08)
Fasting, (%)3
44 (14.2)
58 (18.5)
53 (16.0)
32 (9.5)
0.05
10 (7.4)
Cardiovascular history, (%)
Previous AMI
130 (38.0)
143 (42.2)
130 (38.0)
150 (44.0)
0.20
62 (45.6)
Previous CBV
12 (3.5)
18 (5.3)
28 (8.2)
28 (8.2)
0.11
15 (11.0)
Previous PVD
30 (8.8)
25 (7.4)
34 (9.9)
47 (13.8)
0.09
23 (16.9)
Previous PCI
80 (23.4)
63 (18.6)
43 (12.6)
53 (15.5)
0.01
22 (16.2)
Previous CABG
32 (9.4)
41 (12.1)
36 (10.5)
25 (7.3)
0.05
14 (10.3)
Cardiovascular risk factors, (%)
Hypercholesterolemia4
212 (65.2)
199 (61.8)
189 (58.2)
155 (49.8)
<0.001
48 (40.0)
Hypertension
154 (45.0)
159 (46.9)
163 (47.7)
174 (51.0)
0.87
71 (52.2)
Impaired LVEF5
40 (11.7)
31 (9.1)
35 (10.2)
45 (13.2)
0.45
18 (13.2)
Diabetes6
41 (12.0)
38 (11.2)
29 (8.5)
32 (9.4)
0.04
12 (8.8)
Current smoker
118 (34.5)
113 (33.3)
123 (36.0)
103 (30.2)
0.22
41 (30.1)
Ex-smoker
249 (72.8)
254 (74.9)
251 (73.6)
267 (78.3)
0.86
58 (42.6)
Never smoked
74 (22.5)
94 (27.7)
78 (22.9)
101 (29.6)
0.31
37 (27.2)
Family history of CAD7
123 (36.4)
112 (33.3)
114 (34.0)
86 (25.8)
0.02
34 (25.4)
Clinical diagnosis before BCA, n (%)
Stable angina pectoris
288 (84.2)
318 (93.8)
330 (96.5)
337 (98.8)
<0.001
135 (99.3)
Acute coronary syndrome
54 (15.8)
21 (6.2)
12 (3.5)
4 (1.2)
<0.001
1 (0.7)
Extent of CAD at BCA, n (%)
No significant CAD
15 (4.4)
8 (2.4)
55 (16.1)
84 (24.6)
<0.001
33 (24.3)
1 vessel disease
112 (32.7)
118 (34.8)
83 (24.3)
55 (16.1)
<0.001
16 (11.8)
2 vessel disease
107 (31.3)
99 (29.2)
88 (25.7)
65 (19.1)
<0.001
25 (18.4)
3 vessel disease
98 (28.7)
102 (30.1)
97 (28.4)
106 (31.1)
0.29
51 (37.5)
Medication following BCA, n (%)
Acetylsalicylic acid
318 (93.0)
314 (92.6)
277 (81.0)
266 (78.0)
<0.001
106 (77.9)
Statins
306 (89.5)
299 (88.2)
264 (77.2)
238 (69.8)
<0.001
83 (61.0)
β-blockers
270 (79.2)
271 (79.9)
241 (70.5)
240 (70.6)
0.001
89 (65.4)
ADP receptor blocker
132 (38.6)
97 (28.6)
56 (16.4)
37 (10.9)
<0.001
15 (11.0)
Anticoagulants (warfarin)
4 (1.2)
8 (2.4)
21 (6.1)
23 (6.7)
<0.001
5 (3.7)
ACE inhibitors
61 (17.8)
64 (18.9)
62 (18.1)
85 (24.9)
0.08
43 (31.6)
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
41 (12.0)
37 (10.9)
22 (6.4)
34 (10.0)
0.06
13 (9.6)
Loop diuretics
22 (6.4)
29 (8.6)
34 (9.9)
60 (17.6)
0.001
28 (20.6)
CR following BCA, n (%)
PCI
214 (62.6)
193 (56.9)
140 (40.9)
91 (26.7)
<0.001
37 (27.2)
CABG
51 (14.9)
53 (15.6)
61 (17.8)
64 (18.8)
0.34
29 (21.3)
ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; ADP: adenosine diphosphate; BCA: baseline coronary angiography; BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CAD: coronary artery disease; CBV: cerebrovascular disease; CR: coronary revascularization; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PVD: peripheral vascular disease.
1Median (range) plasma ADMA concentrations (μmol/L) are presented.
2P trend by linear (for continuous variables) and logistic (for binary variables) adjusting for age (continuous) and sex.
3Not having ingested any food 6 hours prior to blood samples were collected.
4≥6.5 mmol/L.
5<50%.
6Includes diabetes type 1 and 2.
7Includes those reporting to have at least one 1st degree relative suffering from CAD before the age of 55 for men and 65 for women.
