Physiologic and Clinical Principles behind Noninvasive Resuscitation Techniques and Cardiac Output Monitoring

Figure 5

Graphical representation of the normalized hemodynamic modulators that determine the hemodynamic state. This is a graphical illustration of the four hemodynamic modulators (preload, afterload, inotropy, and chronotropy) that determine one’s hemodynamic state. Measurement on a per-beat basis, and normalization of each measure allows for percentile representation of each modulator effect with respect to the whole [93].