Long-Term Costs of Ischemic Stroke and Major Bleeding Events among Medicare Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Table 4

Adjusted total incremental cost of ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and other major bleeding events (2011 USD).

Matching characteristics	Ischemic stroke^1; Adjusted cost (95% CI)	Major bleeding events
		ICH^2; Adjusted cost (95% CI)	Other major bleeds^2; Adjusted cost (95% CI)
Acute and annual costs
Acute (quarter of event)	$22,204 ($21,699–$22,808)	$33,887 ($31,692–$36,868)	$16,437 ($16,056–$16,853)
Year 1	$34,772 ($33,691–$35,870)	$49,216 ($45,490–$53,431)	$25,442 ($24,700–$26,190)
Year 2	$6,186 ($4,964–$7,450)	$8,572 ($5,207–$12,206)	$7,193 ($6,342–$8,038)
Year 3	$4,504 ($3,383–$5,617)	$3,150 ($475–$5,764)	$5,852 ($5,010–$6,671)

ICH: intracranial hemorrhage; CI: confidence interval.
Note: multivariate adjusted costs were estimated using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models with a gamma distribution and log link function. Year 1 costs include acute costs incurred during the quarter of the event.
¹Adjusted for age group, gender, race, geographic region, year of NVAF diagnosis, warfarin use, cardiac failure, hypertension, diabetes, prior TIA, and vascular disease.
²Adjusted for age group, gender, race, geographic region, year of NVAF diagnosis, warfarin use, hypertension, abnormal renal function, abnormal liver function, and excessive alcohol use.