Management Strategies in Cardiac Surgery for Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation: Contemporary Prophylaxis and Futuristic Anticoagulant Possibilities

Table 1

Pre-, intra-, and postoperative (nonmodifiable and modifiable) clinical risk factors associated with POAF.

Preoperative risk factors	Intraoperative risk factors	Postoperative risk factors
Nonmodifiable risk factors	Nonmodifiable risk factors	Nonmodifiable risk factors
High age	Endotracheal tube insertion	Return to intensive care unit
Male gender	Intraoperative IABP	Ventilation longer than 24 hours
Previous cardiac surgery	Left ventricular venting	Modifiable risk factors
Valvular heart disease	Aortic cross-clamp time	Volume overload
Chronic lung disease	Extracorporeal circulation	Pneumonia
Chronic renal failure	Myocardial ischemia	Electrolyte imbalances
Left atrium enlargement	Venous cannulation	Imbalance of the autonomic nervous system
Left ventricular hypertrophy	Modifiable risk factors	Atrial extrasystole
Modifiable risk factors	Damage to the atrium	Increased postoperative adrenergic status
Withdrawal of β-blocker medication	Excess inotropic requirements	Increased afterload
History of AF	Acute volume change	Inflammation
Hypertension		Hypotension
Obesity
Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome

IABP: Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump.