Atrioventricular Left Ventricular Apical Pacing Improves Haemodynamic, Rotational, and Deformation Variables in Comparison to Pacing at the Lateral Wall in Intact Myocardium: Experimental Study

Table 1

Comparison of the hemodynamic and conventional echocardiographic variables between sinus rhythm and pacing in various modes and sites.

	SR	AVA	AVL	VA	VL	𝑃
Ld/Sd ratio	2.56±0.38	2.35±0.28	2.40±0.25	2.33±0.26	2.37±0.34	0.02
Ls/Ss ratio	3.34±0.55	3.23±0.61	3.13±0.46	3.12±0.56	3.03±0.51	0.18
EDV (mL)	62.25±10.76	56.73±13.96	62.81±14.41	56.39±11.33	56.03±11.44	0.11
ESV (mL)	29.16±6.52	28.80±6.63	34.78±7.28	31.17±8.00	31.55±7.63	0.05
SV (mL)	33.09±5.95	27.93±8.50	28.03±8.70	25.23±5.58^∗	24.49±5.19^∗	0.001
EF (%)	0.53±0.05	0.49±0.05	0.44±0.05^∗	0.45±0.08	0.44±0.05^∗	0.001
CO (mL/min)	3064±819	3001±1267	2986±1149	2777±940	2719±835	0.45
SP (mmHg)	91±7	90±9	90±11	77±12^∗♦+	76±10^∗♦+	0.001
dP/dtmax (mmHg/s)	1.41±0.23	1.31±0.36	1.35±0.27	1.16±0.30	1.18±0.21^∗	0.005
dP/dtmin (mmHg/s)	−1.54±0.35	−1.42±0.52	−1.40±0.35	−1.33±0.49	−1.15±0.36^∗+	0.001
HR (beats/min)	92±18	106±13^∗	105±16^∗	110±17^∗	111±15^∗	0.001
QRS (ms)	71±5	106±20^∗	102±14^∗	108±20^∗	108±16^∗	0.001
𝑒/𝑒^′ ratio	8.59±3.24	7.90±2.77	11.18±3.12	9.78±5.29	11.74±4.11	0.04

Values are mean ± SD. 𝑃 indicates the overall significance of the effect of pacing mode and site on each variable by one-way analysis of variance for repeated measurements. Symbols (*, ^♦, ⁺) relate to individual group comparisons.
*Asterisk denotes that the mean difference from sinus rhythm is significant at the 0.05 level.
^♦Rhombus denotes that the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level from atrioventricular pacing at the left ventricular (LV) apex.
⁺Plus sign denotes that the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level from atrioventricular pacing at the LV lateral wall.
AVA: atrioventricular pacing at the LV apex; AVL: atrioventricular pacing at the LV lateral wall; CO: cardiac output; EDV: LV end-diastolic volume; EF: LV-ejection fraction; ESV: LV end-systolic volume; 𝑒: mitral early filling velocity; 𝑒^′: early diastolic mitral annulus velocity by tissue Doppler imaging; HR: heart rate; Ld: LV end-diastolic long-axis dimension; Ls: LV end-systolic long-axis dimension; SP: LV systolic pressure; Sd: LV end-diastolic short-axis dimension; SR: sinus rhythm; Ss: LV end-systolic short-axis dimension; SV: LV-stroke volume; VA: ventricular pacing at the LV apex; VL: ventricular pacing at the lateral wall.