Recurrent Stroke after Transcatheter PFO Closure in Cryptogenic Stroke or Tia: Long-Term Follow-Up

Table 2

Preclosure and residual right-to-left shunt grade at 12-month follow-up (n = 402).

Baseline right-to-left shunt grade	Preclosure, N (%)	Residual, N (%)
Absent	114 (28)	360 (90)
Mild	99 (25)	33 (8)
Moderate	59 (15)	7 (1.6)
Severe	130 (32)	2 (0.4)
Valsalva right-to-left shunt grade	N (%)	N (%)
Absent	0	281 (70)
Mild	0	96 (24)
Moderate	20 (5)	11 (2.6)
Severe	382 (95)	14 (3.4)

Baseline evaluation revealed severe right-to-left shunt before device closure in 95% of patients. Significant (moderate or severe) residual right-to-left shunt was observed in 6% of patients. N, number; TCD, transcranial Doppler; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.