Research Article
Determinants of Normal Left Atrial Volume in Heart Failure with Moderate-to-Severely Reduced Ejection Fraction
Table 1
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics.
| | Variable | Normal LAVi | Dilated LAVi | value |
| | Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 52.0 ± 9.1 | 64.9 ± 13.9 | <0.01 | | Medications, (%) | | | | | ACE-I | 17 (65) | 21 (44) | 0.08 | | ARB | 5 (19) | 16 (33) | 0.20 | | Hydralazine | 0 | 8 (17) | — | | Oral nitrates | 1 (4) | 10 (21) | 0.08 | | AA | 7 (27) | 11 (23) | 0.70 | | BB | 26 (100) | 43 (90) | — | | CCB | 1 (4) | 4 (8) | 0.47 | | Digoxin | 3 (12) | 9 (19) | 0.43 | | Statin | 19 (73) | 29 (60) | 0.28 | | Diuretic | 18 (69) | 40 (83) | 0.17 | | Anticoagulation | 7 (27) | 13 (27) | 0.99 | | Antiplatelet | 21 (81) | 36 (75) | 0.57 | | Female, (%) | 8 (31) | 14 (29) | 0.89 | | BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± SD) | 30.2 ± 7.1 | 26.7 ± 5.4 | 0.02 | | White race, (%) | 18 (69) | 18 (38) | 0.01 | | Previous myocardial infarction, (%) | 14 (54) | 27 (56) | 0.84 | | Coronary artery disease, (%) | 14 (54) | 28 (58) | 0.71 | | Ischemic cardiomyopathy, (%) | 12 (46) | 26 (54) | 0.55 | | CABG, (%) | 5 (19) | 10 (21) | 0.87 | | Hypertension, (%) | 13 (50) | 31 (65) | 0.23 | | Hyperlipidemia, (%) | 18 (69) | 31 (65) | 0.69 | | Diabetes, (%) | 14 (54) | 16 (33) | 0.09 | | Stroke/TIA, (%) | 3 (12) | 9 (19) | 0.43 | | Obstructive sleep apnea, (%) | 6 (23) | 4 (8) | 0.09 | | Smoking history, (%) | 17 (65) | 29 (60) | 0.84 | | NT-proBNP (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 874.5 ± 1324.7 | 9364.2 ± 11,296.3 | 0.02 | | Creatinine (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 0.04 | | Hemodialysis, (%) | 0 | 2 (4) | — | | PCWP (mmH2O) (mean ± SD) | 14.1 ± 6.7 | 22 ± 8.2 | 0.07 | | LVEF (%) (mean ± SD) | 29.9 ± 5.4 | 24.1 ± 7.0 | <0.01 |
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ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AA, aldosterone antagonist; BB, beta-blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; TIA, transient ischemic attack; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.
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