Improved Patient Outcomes by Normalizing Sympathovagal Balance: Differentiating Syncope—Precise Subtype Differentiation Leads to Improved Outcomes

Figure 4

Average challenge responses from instantaneous responses in Figure 1. Patient’s average resting responses included a HR of 84 bpm, BP of 109/73 mmHg, S-activity (LFa) of 2.38 bpm², P-activity (RFa) of 0.68 bpm², and a sympathovagal balance (LFa/RFa) of 2.49 (unitless). All average responses are within published normal limits (as represented by the grey areas) [5], except the stand response which indicates SE. See text for details and Methods for abbreviations.