Resting Heart Rate and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results from a 10-Year Follow-Up of the CORFCHD-PCI Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients.
Variables
Heart rate before PCI
F or X2
value
<66 beats/min
66–72 beats/min
72–78 beats/min
78–84 beats/min
≥84 beats/min
Total population
Female, (%)
281 (25.0)
256 (25.3)
354 (24.5)
329 (27.2)
331 (26.2)
2.866
0.581
Smoking, (%)
429 (38.2)
427 (42.3)
601 (41.7)
482 (39.8)
482 (38.2)
7.181
0.127
Drinking, (%)
309 (27.5)
305 (30.2)
433 (30.0)
349 (28.8)
371 (29.4)
2.608
0.625
Diabetes, (%)
217 (19.3)
196 (19.4)
362 (25.1)
308 (25.4)
368 (29.1)
45.769
<0.001
Hypertension, (%)
440 (39.2)
404 (40.0)
594 (41.2)
520 (42.9)
598 (47.3)
20.778
<0.001
Age (years)
60.98 ± 10.77
59.77 ± 10.93
59.08 ± 10.74
59.43 ± 10.69
58.49 ± 10.92
8.723
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
25.55 ± 4.04
25.71 ± 6.89
25.73 ± 4.28
26.2 ± 10.25
26.57 ± 8.61
1.654
0.158
SBP (mmHg)
125.1 ± 19.15
125.23 ± 18.18
125.9 ± 17.14
128.52 ± 18.46
130.06 ± 20.44
16.904
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
74.2 ± 11.27
74.92 ± 10.63
75.62 ± 10.32
77.05 ± 11.23
79.37 ± 12.28
40.36
<0.001
HR (beats/min)
60.5 ± 3.85
68.77 ± 1.55
74.31 ± 1.71
79.79 ± 1.47
91.81 ± 8.13
9115.745
<0.001
TG (mmol/L)
1.89 ± 1.26
1.85 ± 1.15
1.9 ± 1.27
1.91 ± 1.33
1.93 ± 1.31
0.612
0.654
TC (mmol/L)
3.95 ± 1.11
3.95 ± 1.06
3.94 ± 1.09
3.95 ± 1.11
4.01 ± 1.16
0.746
0.561
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.0 ± 0.37
1.0 ± 0.41
1.02 ± 0.49
1.02 ± 0.47
1.05 ± 0.62
1.809
0.124
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.43 ± 0.89
2.46 ± 0.9
2.45 ± 0.92
2.46 ± 0.9
2.5 ± 0.97
1.069
0.37
ApoA1 (mmol/L)
1.17 ± 0.31
1.16 ± 0.31
1.16 ± 0.31
1.16 ± 0.33
1.17 ± 0.32
0.202
0.938
ApoB (mmol/L)
0.85 ± 0.37
0.86 ± 0.45
0.85 ± 0.43
0.86 ± 0.42
0.85 ± 0.31
0.15
0.963
Lp(a) (mmol/L)
219.53 ± 178.71
222.2 ± 177.77
217.78 ± 170.99
216.14 ± 178.61
226.1 ± 178.94
0.58
0.677
New generation stent, (%)
1060 (94.4)
951 (94.3)
1355 (94.0)
1134 (93.6)
1199 (94.9)
2.156
0.707
CTO, (%)
211 (18.8)
194 (19.2)
302 (20.9)
326 (26.9)
381 (30.2)
68.650
<0.001
LM, (%)
84 (7.5)
79 (7.8)
92 (6.4)
92 (7.6)
86 (6.8)
2.755
0.600
ML, (%)
705 (62.8)
632 (62.6)
926 (64.2)
822 (67.9)
841 (66.6)
11.079
0.026
CCB, (%)
132 (11.8)
114 (11.4)
190 (13.2)
126 (10.5)
129 (10.3)
7.592
0.108
β-Blockers, (%)
446 (39.9)
402 (40.1)
589 (41.0)
525 (43.6)
466 (37.0)
11.274
0.024
ARB or ACEI, (%)
232 (20.8)
235 (23.5)
320 (22.3)
284 (23.6)
296 (23.5)
3.949
0.413
Clopidogrel, (%)
325 (29.1)
312 (31.3)
470 (32.8)
369 (30.7)
361 (28.8)
6.644
0.156
Aspirin, (%)
769 (69.0)
725 (72.6)
963 (67.0)
801 (66.5)
793 (63.1)
24.313
<0.001
Statins, (%)
600 (53.9)
565 (56.7)
797 (55.8)
656 (54.6)
641 (51.0)
9.205
0.056
LVEDD (mm)
50.13 ± 5.82
49.99 ± 5.58
49.77 ± 5.58
50.08 ± 5.42
49.97 ± 5.28
0.707
0.587
LVEF (%)
60.94 ± 7.18
61.09 ± 7.00
61.29 ± 6.89
61.15 ± 7.09
60.85 ± 7.06
0.687
0.601
ACS patients
Female, (%)
121 (24.9)
109 (24.5)
158 (27.5)
33 (29.5)
110 (25.7)
2.178
0.703
Smoking, (%)
187 (38.6)
199 (44.8)
235 (40.9)
44 (39.3)
177 (41.4)
3.989
0.407
Drinking, (%)
134 (27.6)
138 (31.1)
162 (28.2)
39 (34.8)
131 (30.6)
3.569
0.467
Diabetes, (%)
98 (20.2)
77 (17.3)
147 (25.6)
33 (29.5)
125 (29.2)
23.683
<0.001
Hypertension, (%)
188 (38.8)
173 (39.0)
251 (43.7)
57 (50.9)
202 (47.2)
12.464
0.014
Age (years)
61.01 ± 10.75
59.91 ± 10.95
59.76 ± 10.72
60.66 ± 10.74
58.51 ± 11.40
3.149
0.014
SBP (mmHg)
125.09 ± 19.69
126.09 ± 17.33
126.19 ± 17.03
129.14 ± 16.40
129.34 ± 21.85
3.697
0.005
DBP (mmHg)
73.85 ± 10.99
75.49 ± 10.56
75.72 ± 10.01
75.10 ± 8.98
80.15 ± 13.04
20.280
<0.001
HR (beats/min)
60.47 ± 3.98
68.81 ± 1.57
74.35 ± 1.69
78.00 ± 0.00
95.84 ± 8.69
3659.925
<0.001
TG (mmol/L)
1.87 ± 1.32
1.84 ± 1.15
1.93 ± 1.31
1.94 ± 1.31
2.04 ± 1.38
1.367
0.240
TC (mmol/L)
3.99 ± 1.13
3.89 ± 1.05
3.95 ± 1.06
3.91 ± 1.00
4.01 ± 1.11
0.830
0.506
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.04 ± 0.44
1.01 ± 0.42
1.02 ± 0.43
1.01 ± 0.47
1.03 ± 0.46
0.075
0.990
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.45 ± 0.91
2.38 ± 0.85
2.44 ± 0.89
2.51 ± 0.98
2.46 ± 0.93
0.626
0.644
ApoA1 (mmol/L)
1.17 ± 0.36
1.17 ± 0.31
1.16 ± 0.30
1.19 ± 0.52
1.18 ± 0.35
0.238
0.917
ApoB (mmol/L)
0.86 ± 0.45
0.86 ± 0.53
0.85 ± 0.44
0.85 ± 0.35
0.85 ± 0.31
0.141
0.967
Lp(a) (mmol/L)
227.91 ± 189.34
216.69 ± 156.76
213.64 ± 165.52
225.85 ± 164.24
223.11 ± 166.60
0.533
0.712
New generation stent, (%)
461 (95.1)
418 (94.4)
544 (94.8)
104 (92.9)
409 (95.6)
1.602
0.808
CTO, (%)
98 (20.2)
87 (19.6)
105 (18.3)
25 (22.3)
177 (41.4)
89.298
<0.001
LM, (%)
44 (9.1)
40 (9.0)
46 (8.0)
13 (11.6)
39 (9.1)
1.616
0.806
ML, (%)
341 (70.3)
283 (63.9)
384 (66.9)
87 (77.7)
315 (73.6)
15.182
0.004
CCB, (%)
61 (12.7)
60 (13.6)
80 (14.0)
8 (7.1)
43 (10.1)
6.994
0.136
β-Blockers, (%)
200 (41.4)
178 (40.5)
241 (42.2)
47 (42.0)
156 (36.5)
3.741
0.442
ARB or ACEI, (%)
99 (20.5)
101 (23.0)
126 (22.1)
24 (21.4)
118 (27.6)
7.230
0.124
Clopidogrel, (%)
151 (31.4)
138 (31.5)
183 (32.1)
35 (31.3)
148 (34.7)
1.534
0.821
Aspirin, (%)
324 (67.5)
322 (73.5)
390 (68.3)
78 (69.6)
281 (66.0)
6.619
0.157
Statins, (%)
262 (54.6)
245 (56.1)
331 (58.3)
60 (53.6)
210 (49.4)
8.109
0.088
LVEDD (mm)
50.32 ± 5.50
49.82 ± 5.48
49.84 ± 5.55
49.82 ± 4.10
49.98 ± 5.63
0.601
0.662
LVEF (%)
61.02 ± 7.09
61.25 ± 6.71
60.98 ± 6.84
62.31 ± 5.61
60.58 ± 7.25
1.345
0.251
Stable CAD patients
Female, (%)
160 (25.1)
147 (26.0)
196 (22.6)
296 (26.9)
221 (26.5)
5.622
0.229
Smoking, (%)
242 (37.9)
228 (40.3)
366 (42.2)
438 (39.9)
305 (36.5)
6.523
0.163
Drinking, (%)
175 (27.4)
167 (29.5)
271 (31.2)
310 (28.2)
240 (28.7)
3.272
0.513
Diabetes, (%)
119 (18.7)
119 (21.0)
215 (24.8)
275 (25.0)
243 (29.1)
25.282
<0.001
Hypertension, (%)
252 (39.5)
231 (40.8)
343 (39.5)
463 (42.1)
396 (47.4)
14.249
0.007
Age (years)
60.95 ± 10.80
59.65 ± 10.93
58.63 ± 10.75
59.31 ± 10.68
58.48 ± 10.67
5.973
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
125.10 ± 18.74
124.55 ± 18.80
125.70 ± 17.22
128.46 ± 18.66
130.42 ± 19.68
13.794
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
74.47 ± 11.48
74.48 ± 10.67
75.55 ± 10.52
77.24 ± 11.42
78.97 ± 11.86
22.586
<0.001
HR (beats/min)
60.53 ± 3.75
68.74 ± 1.54
74.28 ± 1.72
79.97 ± 1.42
89.74 ± 6.97
6480.176
<0.001
TG (mmol/L)
1.90 ± 1.20
1.86 ± 1.15
1.88 ± 1.24
1.91 ± 1.34
1.88 ± 1.27
0.190
0.994
TC (mmol/L)
3.92 ± 1.10
3.99 ± 1.07
3.94 ± 1.11
3.96 ± 1.12
4.01 ± 1.19
0.752
0.557
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.00 ± 0.30
1.00 ± 0.39
1.03 ± 0.52
1.02 ± 0.46
1.06 ± 0.68
2.119
0.076
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.41 ± 0.87
2.52 ± 0.93
2.45 ± 0.93
2.45 ± 0.89
2.52 ± 0.98
1.915
0.105
ApoA1 (mmol/L)
1.17 ± 0.27
1.15 ± 0.31
1.17 ± 0.31
1.16 ± 0.31
1.16 ± 0.31
0.361
0.836
ApoB (mmol/L)
0.83 ± 0.29
0.86 ± 0.38
0.85 ± 0.42
0.85 ± 0.42
0.85 ± 0.31
0.497
0.738
Lp(a) (mmol/L)
213.26 ± 170.24
226.54 ± 192.78
220.48 ± 174.53
215.14 ± 180.06
227.58 ± 184.83
0.928
0.446
New generation stent, (%)
599 (93.9)
533 (94.2)
811 (93.4)
1030 (93.7)
790 (94.6)
1.198
0.878
CTO, (%)
113 (17.7)
107 (18.9)
197 (22.7)
301 (27.4)
204 (24.4)
28.384
<0.001
LM, (%)
40 (6.3)
39 (6.9)
46 (5.3)
79 (7.2)
47 (5.6)
3.926
0.416
ML, (%)
364 (57.1)
349 (61.7)
542 (62.4)
735 (66.9)
526 (63.0)
17.222
0.002
CCB, (%)
71 (11.2)
54 (9.6)
110 (12.7)
118 (10.8)
86 (10.3)
4.203
0.379
β-Blockers, (%)
246 (38.7)
224 (39.8)
348 (40.2)
478 (43.7)
310 (37.3)
9.162
0.057
ARB or ACEI, (%)
133 (20.9)
134 (23.8)
194 (22.4)
260 (23.8)
178 (21.4)
3.126
0.537
Clopidogrel, (%)
174 (27.4)
174 (31.1)
287 (33.3)
334 (30.6)
213 (25.7)
14.202
0.007
Aspirin, (%)
445 (70.1)
403 (71.8)
573 (66.2)
723 (66.2)
512 (61.7)
19.536
0.001
Statins, (%)
338 (53.3)
320 (57.2)
466 (54.2)
596 (54.7)
431 (51.9)
4.231
0.376
LVEDD (mm)
49.98 ± 6.06
50.12 ± 5.67
49.73 ± 5.59
50.10 ± 5.53
49.96 ± 5.09
0.590
0.670
LVEF (%)
60.88 ± 7.26
60.97 ± 7.23
61.48 ± 6.92
61.03 ± 7.21
60.99 ± 6.96
0.801
0.524
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; Lp(a), lipoprotein a; CTO, chronic total occlusion lesions; LM, left main lesions; ML, multivessel lesions; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.
