Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus Formation Despite Continuous Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Undergoing Electrical Cardioversion or Catheter Ablation: A Comparison of Dabigatran and Rivaroxaban
Table 2
Baseline characteristics of patient study groups.
Variable
All patients (n = 1256)
Patients treated with dabigatran (n = 603)
Patients treated with rivaroxaban (n = 653)
Female, n (%)
479 (38.1)
215 (35.7)
264 (40.4)
0.0818
Age, mean ± SD
62.5 ± 11.4
62.2 ± 11.3
62.7 ± 11.6
0.3245
Median (IQR), years
64.0 (57.0, 70.0)
63.0 (56.0, 69.0)
64.0 (57.0, 70.0)
Clinical characteristics, n (%)
Heart failure
263 (20.9)
131 (21.7)
132 (20.2)
0.5110
Hypertension
911 (72.5)
438 (72.6)
473 (72.4)
0.9362
Diabetes mellitus
231 (18.4)
119 (19.7)
112 (17.2)
0.2378
Stroke/TIA/peripheral thrombus
93 (7.4)
51 (8.5)
42 (6.4)
0.1707
Vascular disease
254 (20.2)
128 (21.2)
126 (19.3)
0.3945
AF type
Paroxysmal
517 (41.2)
229 (38.0)
288 (44.1)
0.0365
Persistent
674 (53.7)
336 (55.7)
338 (51.8)
Permanent
65 (5.2)
38 (6.3)
27 (4.1)
Non-paroxysmal
739 (58.8)
374 (62.0)
365 (55.9)
0.0275
Thromboembolism risk
CHADS2, mean ± SD Median (IQR)
1.4 ± 1.1
1.4 ± 1.1
1.4 ± 1.1
0.7413
1.0 (1.0, 2.0)
1.0 (1.0, 2.0)
1.0 (1.0, 2.0)
CHADS2 = 0, n (%)
247 (19.7)
119 (19.7)
128 (19.6)
0.7413
CHADS2 = 1, n (%)
536 (42.7)
251 (41.6)
285 (43.6)
CHADS2 ≥ 2, n (%)
473 (37.7)
233 (38.6)
240 (36.8)
CHA2DS2-VASc, mean ± SD Median (IQR)
2.4 ± 1.7
2.5 ± 1.7
2.4 ± 1.6
0.9358
2.0 (1.0, 3.0)
2.0 (1.0, 3.0)
2.0 (1.0, 3.0)
CHA2DS2-VASc = 0, n(%)
135 (10.7)
63 (9.6)
72 (11.9)
0.1947
CHA2DS2-VASc = 1, n(%)
280 (22.3)
122 (20.2)
158 (24.2)
CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 2, n(%)
841 (67)
418 (69.3)
423 (64.8)
CHA2DS2-VASc-RAF mean ± SD
5.5 ± 3.6
5.7 ± 3.6
5.3 ± 3.6
0.0351
Median (IQR)
5.0 (3.0, 8.0)
6.0 (3.0, 8.0)
5.0 (2.0, 7.0)
R2CHADS2, mean ± SD Median (IQR)
2.0 ± 1.5
2.0 ± 1.6
1.9 ± 1.5
0.2755
2.0 (1.0, 3.0)
2.0 (1.0, 3.0)
1.0 (1.0, 3.0)
Bleeding risk
HASBLED, mean ± SD Median (IQR)
1.4 ± 0.9
1.4 ± 1.0
1.4 ± 0.9
0.9782
1.0 (1.0, 2.0)
1.0 (1.0, 2.0)
1.0 (1.0, 2.0)
HASBLED < 3
1104 (87.9)
520 (86.2)
584 (89.4)
0.0826
Laboratory tests
HGB, mean ± SD Median (IQR)
n = 1229
n = 589
n = 640
0.9563
14.2 ± 1.5
14.2 ± 1.6
14.2 ± 1.5
14.2 (13.2, 15.2)
14.2 (13.2, 15.2)
14.2 (13.3, 15.1)
PLT, mean ± SD Median (IQR)
n = 1225
n = 586
n = 639
0.0150
221.5 ± 62.0
217.6 ± 59.6
225.1 ± 64.1
217.0 (179.0,253.0)
210.5 (178.0, 248.8)
222.0 (180.0, 258.0)
Creatinine, mean ± SD Median (IQR)
1.1 ± 0.3
1.1 ± 0.3
1.1 ± 0.3
0.0324
1.0 (0.9, 1.2)
1.1 (0.9, 1.2)
1.0 (0.9, 1.2)
eGFR, mean ± SD
72.2 ± 17.9
70.9 ± 17.0
73.5 ± 18.6
0.0031
Median (IQR)
72.0 (58.2, 90.0)
70.3 (58.0, 87.1)
74.5 (58.5, 90.0)
eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2
359 (28.6)
175 (29.0)
184 (28.2)
0.7409
Echocardiographic findings
LA, mean ± SD Median (IQR), mm
n = 516
n = 263
n = 253
0.0124
44.9 ± 5.7
45.6 ± 5.8
44.3 ± 5.6
45.0 (41.0, 48.0)
45.0 (42.0, 49.0)
44.0 (41.0, 48.0)
LVDD, mean ± SD Median (IQR), mm
n = 412
n = 219
n = 193
0.0007
51.7 ± 6.4
52.7 ± 6.4
50.6 ± 6.2
51.0 (47.0, 55.2)
53.0 (48.0, 56.0)
50.0 (46.0, 54.0)
LVEF, mean ± SD Median (IQR), %
n = 616
n = 291
n = 325
0.0563
54.4 ± 9.6
53.6 ± 10.0
55.1 ± 9.2
58.0 (50.0, 60)
55.0 (50.0, 60)
58.0 (50.0, 60)
LAAV, mean ± SD median (IQR), cm/sec
n = 769
n = 319
n = 450
0.0062
0.5 ± 0.3
0.5 ± 0.3
0.5 ± 0.3
0.4 (0.3, 0.7)
0.5 (0.3, 0.7)
0.4 (0.3, 0.6)
Study endpoint
LAAT, n (%)
51 (4.1)
30 (5.0)
21 (3.2)
0.1145
AF, atrial fibrillation; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HGB, hemoglobin; LA, left atrial; LAAT, left atrial appendage thrombus; LAAV, left atrial appendage peak emptying velocity; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dimension; PLT, platelets; SD, standard deviation; SEC, spontaneous echocardiographic contrast; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.
