S. No. Author/Year Design Population Intervention Outcome Results 1 Anderson et al. 2016 [19 ] Systematic review and meta-analysis RCTs (n = 63) CHD inclusive of myocardial infarction (n = 36), CABG (n = 29) and PCI (n = 18) Duration ranged from 3 months to 3 years (maximum in 6–12-month range) HRQoL (20) Heterogenicity in data was seen 2 Blanchard et al. 2010 [20 ] Pre-post-test design n = 280 MI: (n = 94), PCI: (n = 92) CABG: (n = 48) other: (n = 46)3-month home-based program 1. Physical activity (Godin leisure time Increase in PA was larger in males (r = −0.19), more in metabolic group (r = −0.16) 3 Deskur-smielecka et al. 2011 [21 ] Controlled prospective cohort n = 74 post-PCI CR and ambulation: (n = 14) CR: (n = 30) control: (n = 20)1-year follow-up, 3-week in-patient, after 6 weeks the CR and ambulation were on a 3–4 times/week ambulatory program Body composition Body composition and BP increased in controls significantly ( 4 Dos santos et al. 2019 [22 ] RCT Total: (n = 24) moderate to high intensity inspiratory muscle training (n = 12), resistance/combined training (n = 12) 2 sessions/week for 12 weeks 1. Exercise capacity There was an overall increase in the oxygen uptake, 6MWT, maximal inspiratory pressure, and QoL 5 De Melo ghisi et al. 2014 [23 ] Systematic review and meta-analysis n = 42 studies (26 studies analysed PA as primary outcome)Patient education and PA levels Physical activity levels and adherence to exercise after patient education in cardiac patients Patient education was elementary in improving levels of PA, dietary habits, and smoking cessation 6 Firouzabadi et al. 2014 [24 ] RCT n = 70 post-CABG control: (n = 35) intervention: (n = 35)24–32 sessions, 3 times/week, aerobic exercise on treadmill or cycle ergometer for intervention group QoL (SF-36 QoL questionnaire) After 4 months there was a significant difference between the scores of both groups ( 7 Ghashghaei et al. 2012 [25 ] RCT n = 32 post-CABG control: (n = 15) Rehab: (n = 17)Control-15–20 mins walking 2-3 times/week Rehab-60 mins aerobic training 60–85% HR max, 3 times/week 1. Functional capacity (6MWT) A significant change in the outcomes ( 8 Hodkinson et al. 2019 [26 ] Systematic review and meta-analysis n = 36 studies (accelerometers n = 20 and pedometers n = 16)Face to face consultation and accelerometer/pedometer intervention PA measured short term and medium term using accelerometers and pedometers (8-month follow-up) Small to medium improvements were observed in PA from complex accelerometers and pedometers interventions 9 Jelinek et al. 2013 [27 ] Pre-post-test design n = 38 patients PCI (n = 22), CABG (n = 16)3 times/week for 6 weeks at 55–70% VO2 peak 1. Functional capacity (6MWT)2 peak) In both there was an increase in the VO2 peak and 6MWD ( 10 Kim et al. 2012 [28 ] Pre-post design Power walking (PW) group (n = 16) and usual walking group (n = 18) The 2 groups have aerobic exercise training on treadmill for 50 minutes/session, 3 times/week for 6 weeks at 60–80% of Hr max. For PW group with upper limb activities. The UW group did the same while holding handle and no upper limb activities Exercise capacity hemodynamic parameters lipid profile After the 6-week training, PW group showed better effect than the UW group on the exercise capacity and hemodynamic parameters 11 Maddison et al. 2015 [29 ] RCT n = 171 mobile rehab: (n = 85) usual: (n = 86)Mobile rehab-30 mins for 5 days/week, automated texts and exercise videos usual-exercise in settings 3 days/week VO2peak physical activity (IPAQ) HRQoL No difference in VO2max between groups ( 12 Maddison et al. 2019 [30 ] Randomised controlled non-inferiority trial n = 162 REMOTE-CR: (n = 82) control: (n = 80)REMOTE-CR: Bespoke telerehabilitation: 30–60 mins > 5 days/week at 40–65% HRR VO2max lipid profile Anthropometry physical activity HRQOL exercise related motivation Blood pressure REMOTE-CR is cost effective alternative to centre-based CR. 13 Moholdt et al. 2009 [31 ] RCT After CABG aerobic interval training (AIT): (n = 33) moderate continuous training (MCT) (n = 36) 5 days/week for 4 weeks AIT-Aerobic exercise 4 mins of 4 intervals at 90% HR max MCT-70% HR max for 46 mins. After 4 weeks, home-based for both 1. VO2 peak (exercise capacity) At 4 weeks in VO2max AIT and MCT were effective ( 14 Oerkild et al. 2010 [32 ] RCT n = 75 CHD (MI, CABG, PCI) home-based (HB): (n = 36) centre-based (CB): (n = 39)HB-30 mins/day, 6 days/week, Borg scale 11–13 CB-60 mins twice a week after 3 months both home-based. Follow-up-3,6 and 12 months 1. 6MWT Both group interventions were found to be equally effective in improving the outcomes ( 15 Peterson et al. 2012 [33 ] RCT After PCI-2 groups physical education (PE): (n = 118) physical affirmation (PA): (n = 124) 12 months duration. PA-physical activity promotion by self-affirmation and positive affect induction. PE-PA education and goal book Paffenbarger physical activity and exercise Index PA group 1.7 times more effective to reach goal than PE ( 16 Reid et al. 2012 [34 ] RCT Total- (n = 141) Motivational counselling (MC): (n = 69) usual care (UC): (n = 72) 12 months more than 30 mins PA moderate to vigorous ≥5 days/week MC-9 motivational sessions by therapist, telephonic follow-up 7-day physical recall questionnaire It was seen that PA increased more over MC than UC group ( 17 Scalvini et al. 2013 [35 ] Quasi experimental study 2 groups: Hospital based (n = 100) home-based rehabilitation (n = 100) 4-week home-based tele-monitoring of vital, exercise program, hospital-supervised exercises. 100 min/day for both 1. Echocardiogram Equally significant results for the outcomes ( 18 Thomas et al. 2019 [36 ] Scientific statement from AACVPR/AHA/ACC n = 23 studies (RCT) included with home-based CRThe studies included exercise and physical activity based studies. HRQoL exercise capacity physical activity They concluded that HBCR can help in the delivery of CR services to maximum population 19 Yang et al. 2017 [37 ] Systematic review and meta-analysis 6 RCTs n = 682 participants 3–6 months, total 30–60 mins/day frequency 2-4 times/day 1. Maximum exercise time It was found that there was a significant improvement in all outcomes ( 20 Yates et al. 2017 Descriptive comparative design with secondary analysis of two studies Two groups: (CABG and HF) n = 62 PA examined objectively (ActiHeart accelerometer) and subjectively (PA interview) Percentage of patients meeting the PA guidelines of ≥150 minutes per week 33% of the CABG patients met the criteria of ≥150 minutes/week of PA No patients with HF were able to fulfil the criteria 21 Yu et al. 2004 [38 ] RCT n = 269 acute MI: (n = 193), PCI: (n = 76)Cardiac rehabilitation and preventive programs (CRPP)-8-week exercise and educational knowledge with aerobic exercise at 65–85% of HRR. Conventional therapy-no exercise, only educational talk about importance of physical activity QoL- SF-36: 6 of 8 sections improved till phase 2 significant changes seen in physical role and functioning
