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| Title | Research design | Age at baseline | Intervention | Duration/follow-up | Main results | Number of participants |
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| Association between blood pressure and Alzheimer disease measured up to 27 years prior to diagnosis: the HUNT study | Large, population-based health study | NF | None | 27 years | An inverse association between dementia and systolic blood pressure (BP) in individuals over the age of 60 years. | 24,638 |
| Low diastolic pressure and risk of dementia in very old people: a longitudinal study | Dementia-free cohort | ≥81 | None | 3 years | Low diastolic pressure predicts the risk of dementia among very old people. | 422 |
| The role of cardiovascular risk factors and stroke in familial Alzheimer disease | Longitudinal study of families with multiple members affected with LOAD | 77.0 ± 9 | None | 2003 to 2015 | Hypertension was associated with decreased LOAD risk while type 2 diabetes and heart disease were not. A history of stroke conferred >2-fold increased risk for LOAD. | 6553 |
| Nilvadipine in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial | Large-scale phase III investigator-driven clinical trial | >50 | Placebo or nilvadipine | 18 months | It does not suggest any benefit of nilvadipine as a treatment in a population spanning mild-to-moderate AD. | 511 |
| 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia | Longitudinal population study | 70 | None | 15 years | Subjects who developed dementia at 79 to 85 years of age had significantly higher blood pressure 15 years earlier. | 382 |
| Brain aging in very old men with type 2 diabetes: the Honolulu-Asia aging study | Longitudinal population study | 81.6 ± 5.0 | None | 1965 to 1996 | Older individuals with type 2 diabetes have an elevated risk for vascular brain damage and neurodegenerative changes. | 3,734 |
| Brain aging in very old men with type 2 diabetes: the Honolulu-Asia aging study | Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antihypertensives in patients with an untreated SBP of 160–199 mmHg | ≥80 | Placebo or active treatment | 2.2 years | Untreated hypertension was significantly associated with hippocampal atrophy, midlife cognitive decline, AD, and vascular dementia. | 3845 |
| Prevention of dementia in randomized double-blind placebo-controlled systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial | Double-blind placebo-controlled systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial | | Placebo or active treatment | 2 years | A wider pulse pressure may indicate an increased risk for dementia, and it was also found that active treatment may change the shape of the relationship between DBP and dementia. | 2418 |
| Effects of valsartan compared with enalapril on blood pressure and cognitive function in elderly patients with essential hypertension | Prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint study | 61 to 80 | Valsartan or enalapril | 16 weeks | Valsartan (160 mg) is more effective than enalapril (20 mg.) in reducing BP and improves some of the components of cognitive function, particularly episodic memory. | 144 |
| Lower dementia risk with different classes of antihypertensive medication in older patients | Randomized controlled trial | 74.4 ± 2.5 | Different antihypertensive medications | 6 to 8 years | Both calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and ARBs are independently associated with a decreased risk of dementia in older people. | 1951 |
| Patterns of antihypertensive and statin adherence prior to dementia: findings from the adult changes in thought study | Population-based cohort study | ≥65 | None | NF | Antihypertensive adherence is an important factor that affects the odds of dementia. | 4368 |
| Effect of intensive vs standard blood pressure control on probable dementia: a randomized clinical trial | Randomized clinical trial | ≥50 | SBP goal of either <120 mm Hg or <140 mm Hg | 2010 to 2015 | Intensive SBP control can prevent cognitive impairment. | 9361 |
| Cognitive function and brain structure in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus after intensive lowering of blood pressure and lipid levels: a randomized clinical trial | Randomized clinical trial | 62 | SBP goal of either <120 mm Hg or <140 mm Hg | 40 months | A significant cognitive decline was observed after 40 months of intensive BP control in patients with type 2 diabetes. | 2977 |
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