The Association between Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Its Predecessors Choline, L-Carnitine, and Betaine with Coronary Artery Disease and Artery Stenosis

Table 3

Association of TMAO, choline, L-carnitine, and betaine levels with severe artery stenosis in all, male, and female participants.

All
	Model 7			Model 8
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
TMAO	1.36	1.01–1.84	0.04	1.37	1.01–1.86	0.05
Choline				1.07	0.89–1.28	0.48
L-Carnitine				1.01	0.99–1.03	0.23
Betaine				0.98	0.93–1.03	0.36
Male
	Model 9			Model 10
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
TMAO	1.38	0.93–2.04	0.11	1.33	0.92–1.93	0.13
Choline				1.08	0.79–1.48	0.64
L-Carnitine				1.02	0.99–1.05	0.20
Betaine				1.00	0.93–1.08	0.93
Female
	Model 11			Model 12
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
TMAO	1.25	0.74–2.12	0.40	1.14	0.65–2.01	0.65
Choline				1.10	0.86–1.41	0.46
L-Carnitine				0.99	0.93–1.05	0.78
Betaine				0.94	0.86–1.02	0.15

OR, odds ratio. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. OR shown were for plasma TMAO, choline, L-carnitine, and betaine in all, male, and female participants. Models 7, 9, and 11 adjusted for age, gender, BMI, Glu, TG, and Cr. Models 8, 10, and 12 adjusted for all factors in models 7, 9, and 11 plus choline, L-carnitine, and betaine.