Cardiology Research and Practice

Research Article

Left Atrial Strain as Evaluated by Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Predicts Left Atrial Appendage Dysfunction in Chinese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Table 2

Comparison of the characteristics of patients with or without LAA dysfunction.


Covariate	Univariable			Multivariable
Covariate	OR	95% CI	value	OR	95% CI	value

Sex
Female	Ref.			—
Male	1.48	0.84, 2.60	0.1756	—	—	—
PMH of ablation
No	Ref.			—
Yes	1.09	0.51, 2.33	0.8327	—	—	—
INR
<2	Ref.			—
≥2	1.66	0.65, 4.22	0.2871	—	—	—
Course of AF	1.00	1.00, 1.01	0.3895	—	—	—
Heart rhythm
Sinus rhythm	Ref.			Ref.
AF rhythm	3.99	2.36, 6.76	<0.0001	1.88	0.65, 5.42	0.2416
Age	1.03	1.00, 1.05	0.0224	1.02	0.97, 1.06	0.4670
Heart rate	1.01	1.00, 1.02	0.0243	0.99	0.97, 1.01	0.3481
CHA2DS2-VASc score	1.22	1.04, 1.42	0.0141	0.98	0.75, 1.28	0.9004
IVRT	1.00	0.99, 1.01	0.6937	—	—	—
LAD (mm)	1.20	1.13, 1.27	<0.0001	0.97	0.88, 1.05	0.4337
LA longitudinal diameter (mm)	1.16	1.11, 1.22	<0.0001	1.00	0.92, 1.08	0.9612
LA transverse diameter (mm)	1.17	1.11, 1.23	<0.0001	0.97	0.87, 1.08	0.5679
LAVmax (ml)	1.06	1.04, 1.08	<0.0001	0.98	0.86, 1.11	0.7110
LAVmin (ml)	1.09	1.07, 1.12	<0.0001	1.07	0.88, 1.29	0.4870
LAEF (%)	0.92	0.89, 0.94	<0.0001	1.00	0.91, 1.11	0.9871
E/e′	1.09	1.02, 1.16	0.0127	1.06	0.95, 1.17	0.2920
LVDd (mm)	1.18	1.10, 1.25	<0.0001	1.18	1.02, 1.36	0.0262
LVSd (mm)	1.17	1.10, 1.25	<0.0001	0.96	0.82, 1.13	0.6274
LVDV (ml)	1.03	1.02, 1.05	<0.0001	1.04	1.00, 1.08	0.0644
LVSV (ml)	1.05	1.03, 1.08	<0.0001	0.98	0.93, 1.04	0.4685
Simpson LVEF	0.95	0.92, 0.98	0.0043	1.00	0.93, 1.07	0.9652
Peak strain of LA	0.89	0.86, 0.92	<0.0001	0.90	0.85, 0.95	0.0005

CI, confidence interval; AF, atrial ﬁbrillation; ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; LAT/SEC, left atrial thrombi/spontaneous echo contrast; LAD, left atrial dimension; LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVSd, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVSV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; E/E′, the ratio of the early transmitral flow velocity to the early mitral annular velocity; IVRT, isovolumic relaxation time; LAVmax, left atrial maximum volume; LAVmin, left atrial minimum volume; LAEF, left atrial emptying fraction; LAAeV, left atrial appendage emptying ﬂow velocity.