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| Authors and year | Study title | Participants | Aim of study/assessment | Main outcomes |
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| Clemente-Suárez et al. (2016) [10] | Experience modulates the psychophysiological response of airborne warfighters during a tactical combat parachute jump | 40 male warfighters divided in two groups: novels (n = 17) and experts (n = 23) | To analyse the effect of experience in the psychophysiological response and fine motor skills of novel and expert parachute warfighters during a combat | Experience influences the psychophysiological response. Novel paratroopers were more affected than experts |
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| Clemente-Suárez et al. (2017) [11] | Psychophysiological response in parachute jumps, the effect of experience and type of jump | 27 male airborne brigade in parachute jump (n: 11; 41.0 ± 9.7 years), manual tactical parachute jump (n: 8; 33.1 ± 5.3 years), tandem pilots (n: 4; 35.5 ± 3.0 years), and tandem passengers (n: 4; 28.5 ± 5.4 years) | To analyse the effect of experience and jump on the psychophysiological response | Novice parachute jumpers had higher values of stress than the experienced jumpers, and a large anticipatory anxiety response before the jump |
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| Clemente-Suárez and Robles-Pérez (2013) [12] | Mechanical, physical, and physiological analysis of symmetrical and asymmetrical combat | 20 soldiers from the Spanish Army and Spanish Forces and Security Corps (34.5 ± 4.2 years; 176.4 ± 8.4 cm; 74.6 ± 8.7 kg; 63.3 ± 8.0 kg muscular mass; 7.6 ± 3.2 kg fat mass) | To analyse physical, mechanical, and physiological parameters during symmetrical and asymmetrical combat simulations | Asymmetrical combat showed higher maximum speed, number of sprints, sprint distance, and average heart rate. Symmetric combat presented a higher number of impacts and training load |
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| Tornero-Aguilera et al. (2017) [13] | Effect of combat stress in the psychophysiological response of elite and non-elite soldiers | 40 warfighters divided in two groups: elite (n: 20; 28.5 ± 6.38 years) and nonelite (n:20; 31.94 ± 6.24 years) | To analyse the effect of combat stress in the psychophysiological responses of elite and nonelite soldiers | Elite soldiers had higher muscular strength than nonelite in all tests (before and after the combat simulation), while cortical arousal was not modified significantly in both groups |
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| Tornero-Aguilera et al. (2018) [14] | Use of psychophysiological portable devices to analyse stress response in different experienced soldiers | 49 soldiers of Spanish Army (19 men and 1 woman; 34.5 ± 4.2 years; 176.4 ± 8.4 cm; 74.6 ± 8.7 kg; 63.3 ± 8.0 kg muscular mass; 7.6 ± 3.2 kg fat mass) | To analyse the effect of experience and training in psychophysiological response and attention and memory of soldiers in combat | The most experienced soldiers presented higher physiological activation as well as cognitive and memory impairment than lower experienced soldiers, and memory function was modulated by the type of external stimulus |
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| Sánchez-Molina et al. (2018) [15] | Assessment of psychophysiological response and specific fine motor skills in combat units | 31 male soldiers of the Spanish Army, 19 nonexperienced soldiers (30.2 ± 5.25 years, 9.95 ± 5.17 years of experience) and 12 experienced soldiers (34.5 ± 4.85 years, 14.58 ± 4.87 years of experience) | To analyse the psychophysiological response and specific motor skills in an urban combat simulation with two infantry units with different previous training and experience | A combat simulation changed the psychophysiological basal state and unbalanced the sympathetic-vagal interaction, but motor skills were not affected after the combat |
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| Tornero-Aguilera and Clemente-Suárez (2018) [16] | Effect of experience, equipment and fire actions in psychophysiological response and memory of soldiers in actual underground operations | Fifty-four professional soldiers of the Spanish Army (mean age 30.60 ± 4.6 years; 8.85 ± 4.1 years of experience) and 16 were civilians (mean age 26 ± 3 years) | To analyse the effect of underground operations on the psychophysiological and memory response of soldiers depending on the previous experience and the use of nocturne vision systems | The underground operation produced a significant increase in blood lactate, blood oxygen saturation, rated perceived exertion, heart rate, cognitive and somatic anxiety, and sympathetic modulation in all groups |
| Hormeño-Holgado et al. (2019) [17] | Psychophysiological response of air mobile protection teams in an air accident manoeuvre | 12 male and 1 female soldiers from an air security force unit of the Spanish Air Force (32.4 ± 8.0 years; 7.2 ± 4.8 years of experience) | To study the psychophysiological response of an air security force in a simulated air accident in a hostile area and its subterfuge to a safe area | An air accident manoeuvre of three nights and four days caused a higher sympathetic nervous system modulation and increased stress, muscle strength, and dehydration |
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| Hormeño-Holgado and Clemente-Suárez (2019) [18] | Effect of different combat jet manoeuvres in the psychophysiological response of professional pilots | 29 fighter pilots of the Spanish Air Forces (28.3 ± 7.4 years) | To analyse the effect of air combat manoeuvres (defence and attack) on the psychophysiological response of air combat fighter pilots | The defensive manoeuvre produced a significant decrease in forced vital capacity and an increase in heart rate, stress, and exertion in both manoeuvres |
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| Clemente-Suárez et al. (2017) [19] | Psychophysiological response and fine motor skills in high-altitude parachute jumps | 16 veteran male soldiers of the Spanish Army with more than 200 parachute jumps experience
8 high-altitude low-opening (32.6 ± 7.7 years) and 8 high-altitude high-opening (30.3 ± 5.6 years) | To analyse the psychophysiological response and specific fine motor skill of an experienced jumper in high-altitude low-opening and high-altitude high-opening parachute jumps | High-altitude low-opening and high-altitude high-opening jumps produced a significant increase in CK, lactate, and RPE and a decrease in glucose. High-altitude high-opening decreased cortical arousal and presented a higher sympathetic modulation and a higher HR during the jump than high-altitude low-opening |
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| Clemente-Suárez et al. (2016) [20] | Psychophysiological response in an automatic parachute jump | We analysed 38 male sport active soldiers of Spanish Army (25.6 ± 5.9 years; 172.3 ± 4.7 cm; 70.3 ± 4.9 kg; 23.8 ± 0.5 BMI) with an average of 44.7 ± 82.1 civil and military parachute jumps | To analyse modifications in blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, cortisol, glucose, lactate, creatine kinase, muscle strength, cortical arousal, autonomic modulation, and anxiety before and after an automatic open parachute jump | An automatic parachute jump increased physiological and cortical response and decreased somatic anxiety of participants |
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| Bustamante-Sánchez et al. (2019) [21] | Psychophysiological response of different aircrew in normobaric hypoxia training | 22 male pilots (10 helicopter pilots, 7 transport aircrew, 3 transport pilots, and 3 fighter pilots) from the Spanish Air Forces | To study the effect of hypoxia training in cortical arousal, autonomic modulation, muscle strength, and cognitive function | Hypoxia produced an increase in perceived stress and effort, a higher heart rate, and a decreased function of breathing muscles. Working memory and pattern recognition were impaired after hypoxia exposition. Aircrew groups performed differently in cognitive tests, suggesting differences in their previous training |
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| Delgado-Morerno et al. (2017) [22] | Combat stress decreases memory of warfighters in action | Twenty male soldiers from the Spanish Army (35.4 ± 6.2 years; 179.9 ± 7.0 cm; 82.3.8 ± 10.5 kg; BMI: 25.7 ± 2.6; 14.6 ± 6.4 years of experience) | To analyse the effect of combat stress in the psychophysiological response and attention and memory of warfighters in a simulated combat situation | Combat stress increased the psychophysiological response and caused a selective decrease of memory, depending on the dangerous or harmless nature of the stimulus |
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| Gamble et al. (2018) [23] | Different profiles of decision making and physiology under varying levels of stress in trained military personnel | 26 male active duty US Army Infantrymen (age = 30.73 ± 7.71 years) | To examine the relationship between decision making and physiology under varying levels of stress in trained military personnel | Participants performed worse in the high-stress condition, and heart rate variability measurements could help to measure the adaptive response when danger is imminent |
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