The Electrophysiology of Atrial Fibrillation: From Basic Mechanisms to Catheter Ablation

Figure 4

An example of the extrapulmonary trigger. In a patient with long-standing persistent AF, after PVI and the electrical cardioversion to SR, a repeated onset of AF (a, b) is observed with firing from the same point mapped and ablated in the area between left superior PV and LAA (ligament of Marshall). (c) The firing fails to induce AF. Ablation of this area resulted in the long-term SR maintenance for >18 months.