Clinical Phenotypes and Age-Related Differences in Presentation, Treatment, and Outcome of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Vietnamese Multicenter Research

Table 1

Four clinical phenotypes of patients diagnosed with HFpEF.

	All	Phenotype 1	Phenotype 2	Phenotype 3	Phenotype 4	Adjusted value
N	477	64	201	88	124	—
Patients’ characteristics
Age (year)	67.6 (14.4)	74.0 (12.4)	71.9(10.7)	67.7 (13.6)	57.4 (15.9)	<0.001
Male (%)	37.7	42.2	15.4	97.7	29.0	<0.001
Obesity (%)	28.7	17.2	40.3	31.8	13.7	<0.001
Smoking (%)	22.0	31.3	0	83.0	9.7	<0.001
EF (%)	63 (13/0)	61 (12.5)	65 (13.0)	60 (9.3)	64 (10.3)	0.008
SBP (mmHg)	120 (20.0)	128 (34.5)	120 (20.0)	120 (30.0)	110 (20.0)	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	70 (20.0)	73 (22.0)	70 (20.0)	70 (20.0)	66.5 (11.7)	0.005
Resting HR (bpm)	80 (18.0)	81 (25.0)	78 (17.5)	79 (18.0)	81 (21.0)	0.132
NYHA III-IV (%)	28.3	100.0	8.5	6.8	38.7	<0.001
NT-proBNP available	53.1%	70.3%	43.3%	55.7%	58.1%	—
NT-proBNP (pg/ml)	1951 (2955)	4005 (6165)	1891 (2892)	1416 (2724)	1924 (2245)	<0.001
Comorbidities
Dyslipidemia (%)	54.3	51.6	79.1	60.2	11.3	<0.001
Hypertension (%)	68.6	95.3	95.0	75.0	7.3	<0.001
Diabetes (%)	26.6	35.9	39.3	20.5	5.7	<0.001
CAD (%)	50.7	81.3	62.7	56.8	11.3	<0.001
Prior revascularization (%)	10.3	12.5	11.0	21.6	0	<0.001
AF (%)	38.8	42.2	26.4	30.7	62.9	<0.001
CKD (%)	21.6	43.8	23.4	15.9	11.3	<0.001
CVA (%)	10.7	14.1	10.0	14.8	7.3	0.286
Asthma/COPD (%)	4.6	9.4	3.0	10.2	0.8	0.002
Cancer (%)	2.3	1.6	2.5	3.4	1.6	0.807
Number of comorbidities	3 (2)	4 (2)	4 (1)	3 (2)	1 (2)	<0.001
HFpEF etiologies
CAD-induced (%)	25.4	34.4	28.9	43.2	2.4	<0.001
HTN-induced (%)	22.6	34.4	33.3	20.5	0.8	<0.001
DCM-induced (%)	2.5	1.6	2.0	5.7	1.6	0.293
VHD-induced (%)	35.9	26.6	20.9	14.8	79.8	<0.001
Other causes (%)	9.9	3.1	8.5	13.6	12.9	0.099
Symptoms
Dyspnea (%)	63.9	95.3	59.2	62.5	56.5	<0.001
Congestion (%)	48.8	98.4	45.3	34.1	39.5	<0.001
Hypoperfusion (%)	4.6	29.7	0	2.3	0.8	<0.001
Inpatient setting						—
Inpatient care (%)	30.6	82.8	15.4	14.8	39.5	<0.001
Inhospital mortality (%)	4.8	9.4	3.2	0	2.0	0.342
Treatment pattern
ACEi	27.0	31.3	31.3	23.9	20.2	0.132
ARB	45.5	32.8	55.7	48.9	33.1	<0.001
Sacubitril/valsartan	1.3	1.6	1.0	3.4	0	0.132
BB	59.1	40.6	69.2	62.5	50.0	<0.001
MRA	43.0	42.2	33.8	40.0	60.5	<0.001
Loop diuretic	60.6	79.7	50.8	53.4	71.8	<0.001
Statin	72.5	81.3	87.6	84.1	35.5	<0.001

Significant after the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure (false discovery rate 0.05). SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR; heart rate; NYHA: New York Heart Association, NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PND: paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; CAD: coronary artery disease; HTN: hypertension; AF: atrial fibrillation/flutter; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI: myocardial infarction; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BB: beta blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid antagonist.