Protective Role of Platelets in Myocardial Infarction and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Figure 2

Cardioprotective role of platelets in ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). S1P can exert cardioprotection by activating RISK and SAFE-pathway, including activating kinases PI3 K, PKC, ERK-1/2, and Stat3, respectively. Moreover, S1P triggers cardioprotection by activation of Pak1/Akt/NOS3 signaling. Cardioprotective effect for TGF-β1 and SDF1-α is based on PKC signaling activation. PAF and PMVs have a dual effect on cardiac IRI. In the case of PAF, this effect depends on the level of PAF. RISK: reperfusion injury salvage kinases, SAFE: survivor activating factor enhancement, Akt: protein kinase B, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Pak1: P21-activated kinase; PKC: protein kinase C, PI3 K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Stat3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase, NHE1: Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 1, S1P: sphinosine-1-phosphate, SDF-1α: stromal cell derived factor-1 alpha, TGF-β1: transforming growth factor beta 1. The blue arrows indicate activation of the signaling path shown. The server https://smart.servier.com was used to create a figure.