A Simple Nomogram to Predict Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure Undergoing Coronary Angiography

Table 1

Baseline characteristics in the development cohort.

Variables	Missing value, n (%)	CI-AKI (n = 109)	Non-CI-AKI (n = 1152)	value
Age, years	0 (0)	69.72 ± 10.75	64.24 ± 10.36	<0.001
Age ≥ 65 years, n (%)	0 (0)	80 (73.39)	584 (50.69)	<0.001
Age ≥ 75 years, n (%)	0 (0)	41 (37.61)	203 (17.62)	<0.001
Female sex, n (%)	0 (0)	33 (30.28)	281 (24.39)	0.175
Weight, kg	8 (0.63)	62.46 ± 9.84	64.70 ± 10.93	0.027
SBP, mmHg	3 (0.24)	128.83 ± 28.19	130.77 ± 20.39	0.487
DBP, mmHg	4 (0.32)	73.64 ± 12.70	76.54 ± 11.98	0.024
HR, bpm	3 (0.24)	80.04 ± 16.94	74.86 ± 13.72	0.003
Medical history
Hypotension, n (%)	4 (0.32)	11 (10.28)	25 (2.17)	<0.001
CKD, n (%)	0 (0)	57 (52.29)	236 (20.49)	<0.001
CKD stages	0 (0)			<0.001
CKD G1, n (%)		14 (12.84)	358 (31.08)
CKD G2, n (%)		38 (34.86)	558 (48.44)
CKD G3, n (%)		41 (37.61)	221 (19.18)
CKD G4, n (%)		16 (14.68)	13 (1.13)
CKD G5, n (%)		0 (0)	2 (0.17)
LVEF, %	137 (10.86)	50.36 ± 12.54	57.50 ± 13.15	<0.001
LVEF < 40%, n (%)	137 (10.86)	20 (19.80)	123 (12.02)	0.025
Heart function (NYHA class)	0 (0)			<0.001
II, n (%)		28 (25.69)	742 (64.41)
III, n (%)		14 (12.84)	98 (8.51)
IV, n (%)		3 (2.75)	15 (1.30)
Heart function (Killip class)	0 (0)			<0.001
II, n (%)		42 (38.53)	250 (21.70)
III, n (%)		10 (9.17)	34 (2.95)
IV, n (%)		12 (11.01)	13 (1.13)
Hypertension, n (%)	1 (0.08)	85 (77.98)	703 (61.08)	<0.001
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)	0 (0)	16 (14.68)	166 (14.41)	0.939
Hypoalbuminemia, n (%)	108 (8.56)	60 (68.18)	479 (44.98)	<0.001
Anemia, n (%)	21 (1.67)	54 (50.47)	378 (33.36)	<0.001
AMI, n (%)	4 (0.32)	64 (58.72)	297 (25.87)	<0.001
Diabetes, n (%)	0 (0)	38 (34.86)	293 (25.43)	0.032
CAD, n (%)	6 (0.48)	104 (95.41)	1068 (93.19)	0.373
Laboratory examination
LDL-C, mmol/L	224 (17.76)	2.94 ± 1.10	2.67 ± 0.95	0.045
HDL-C, mmol/L	224 (17.76)	0.96 ± 0.30	1.05 ± 2.20	0.267
SCr, μmol/L	0 (0)	120.76 ± 55.33	93.12 ± 44.14	<0.001
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 mm^2	0 (0)	63.16 ± 34.49	78.88 ± 23.74	<0.001
Hemoglobin, g/L	73 (5.79)	122.19 ± 21.61	133.06 ± 16.42	<0.001
HbA1c, %	270 (21.41)	6.97 ± 1.59	6.59 ± 1.36	0.040
Medications
ACEI/ARB, n (%)	0 (0)	87 (79.82)	1004 (87.15)	0.032
Beta blocker, n (%)	1 (0.08)	68 (62.39)	992 (86.19)	<0.001
Statin, n (%)	0 (0)	102 (93.58)	1113 (96.61)	0.109
Diuretics, n (%)	1 (0.08)	52 (47.71)	236 (20.50)	<0.001
Procedure
PCI, n (%)	61 (4.84)	71 (78.02)	782 (70.51)	0.129
Hydration volume, mL	32 (1.71)	1130.31 ± 674.82	788.37 ± 433.57	<0.001
Contrast volume, mL	0 (0)	139.72 ± 72.85	133.88 ± 67.78	0.422
Contrast volume ≥ 100 mL, n (%)	0 (0)	81 (74.31)	869 (74.43)	0.795
Contrast volume ≥ 200 mL, n (%)	0 (0)	21 (19.27)	224 (19.44)	0.964
Mehran score	23 (1.82)	9.75 ± 6.19	4.72 ± 4.18	<0.001
Peri-procedure IABP, n (%)	0 (0)	26 (23.85)	35 (3.04)	<0.001

CI-AKI: contrast-induced acute kidney injury; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CKD: chronic kidney disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-C; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-C; SCr: serum creatinine; eGFR: estimate glomerular filtration rate; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blockers; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; and IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump.