Prospective Longitudinal Characterization of the Relationship between Diabetes and Cardiac Structural and Functional Changes

Table 2

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the participants who had baseline and year 6 follow-up CMR scans.

Variable	Baseline (n = 32)	Follow-up (n = 32)	value
Age, years	58 ± 11	64 ± 11	0.03
BMI, kg/m^2	28 ± 4	27 ± 4	0.1
Male, n (%)	29 (91)	29 (91)	1.0
Smoker, n (%)	1 (3)	2(6)	0.6
Diabetes duration, years	5.1 ± 1.2	10.9 ± 1.3	0.0001
Heart rate, bpm	72 ± 13	68 ± 12	0.3
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	131 ± 16	129 ± 16	0.7
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	73 ± 10	74 ± 7	0.4
Plasma fasting glucose, mmol/L	8.5 ± 3.5	9.4 ± 3.8	0.3
Glycated hemoglobin, mmol/mol	61 ± 15	64 ± 18	0.13
hs-cTnT, ng/ml	7.35 ± 5.14	—
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.5 ± 1.3	4.5 ± 1.2	1.0
HDL, mmol/L	1.24 ± 0.31	1.36 ± 0.38	0.2
LDL, mmol/L	2.86 ± 1.19	2.59 ± 1.21	0.4
Medications n (%)
Metformin, n (%)	28 (88)	22 (69)	0.01
Sulfonylurea, n (%)	12 (38)	13 (40)	0.3
Gliptin, n (%)	3 (9)	7 (22)	0.1
Thiazolidinediones, n (%)	0	2 (6)	0.1
SGLT2 inhibitors, n (%)	0	4 (12)	0.03
Aspirin, n (%)	7 (22)	9 (28)	0.1
Statin, n (%)	22 (69)	23 (72)	0.3
ACEI, n (%)	0 (0)	13 (40)	0.0001
ARB, n (%)	0 (0)	3 (9)	0.08

Values are mean ± standard deviations or percentages. signifies . CMR-cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging; n-numbers; BMI-body mass index; kg-kilogram; m-meter; bpm-beats per minute; mmHg-millimeters of mercury; mmol-millimoles; L-liters; mol-moles; hs-cTnT-high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-T; ng-nanograms; HDL-high-density lipoprotein; LDL-low-density lipoprotein; SGLT2-sodium glucose cotransporter 2; ACEI-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB-angiotensin receptor blocker.