Prospective Longitudinal Characterization of the Relationship between Diabetes and Cardiac Structural and Functional Changes

Table 4

Clinical and biochemical characteristics at baseline of the participants with and without MACE (angina, myocardial infarction, revascularization, and cerebrovascular accident) at follow-up.

Variable	No MACE (n = 65)	MACE (n = 18)	value
Age, years	66 ± 11	65 ± 9	0.7
BMI (baseline), kg/m^2	29 ± 4	28 ± 3	0.3
Male, %	55 (85)	17 (94)	0.2
Diabetes duration, years	9.9 ± 4.6	10.6 ± 3.8	0.6
Smoker, n (%)	6 (10)	6 (33)	0.01
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	131 ± 15	132 ± 14	0.8
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	72 ± 9	74 ± 9	0.4
Glycated hemoglobin, mmol/mol	62 ± 21	71 ± 20	0.1
Troponin T, ng/L	7.6 ± 5.8	7.0 ± 3.6	0.7
NT-proBNP, pg/ml	72 ± 129	39 ± 42	0.3
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.3 ± 1.1	4.6 ± 1.3	0.3
LDL, mmol/L	2.6 ± 0.9	2.7 ± 1.6	0.7
Medications, n (%)
Metformin, n (%)	57 (88)	15 (83)	0.6
Sulfonylurea, n (%)	21 (32)	6 (33)	0.9
Gliptins, n (%)	7 (11)	4 (22)	0.2
Thiazolidinediones, n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	—
SGLT2 inhibitors, n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	—
Aspirin, n (%)	15 (23)	3 (17)	0.6
Statin, n (%)	47 (72)	13 (72)	0.9
ACE-I, n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	—
ARB, n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	—
Beta-blockers, n (%)	3 (4)	1 (5)	0.9
Calcium channel blockers, n (%)	6 (8)	3 (17)	0.4

Values are mean ± standard deviations or percentages. signifies . MACE-major adverse cardiovascular events; n-numbers; BMI-body mass index; kg- kilograms; m-meters; mmHg-millimeters of mercury; mmol-millimoles, mol-moles; ng-nanograms; L-liters; NT-pro BNP-N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide; pg-picograms; ml-milliliters; LDL-low-density lipoprotein; SGLT2-sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; ACE-I-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB-angiotensin receptor blocker.