Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

Research Article

Hierarchical Swarm Model: A New Approach to Optimization

Figure 4

Four interaction topologies for PSO: (a) fully-connected, (b) ring, (c) star, (d) grid.
379649.fig.004a
(a)
379649.fig.004b
(b)
379649.fig.004c
(c)
379649.fig.004d
(d)