<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-4.5247pt" id="M1" height="16.402pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -11.8773 27.7437 16.402" width="27.7437pt"><g transform="matrix(.018,0,0,-0.018,0,0)"><path id="g113-73" d="M828 650H570L564 622C646 614 650 609 634 524L604 366H253L281 524C296 608 308 615 382 622L388 650H132L126 622C211 615 214 609 198 524L121 122C106 42 102 35 23 28L17 0H276L282 28C196 35 191 40 206 122L243 324H597L559 123C544 42 537 35 452 28L446 0H710L716 28C632 35 628 43 643 122L719 524C735 610 741 615 822 622L828 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.86,4.308)"><path id="g50-30" d="M1000 227C1000 351 905 451 780 451C658 451 590 380 530 279C465 385 388 451 261 451C168 451 38 376 38 210C38 98 121 -12 261 -12C381 -12 448 59 508 160C573 53 652 -12 780 -12C879 -12 1000 64 1000 227ZM485 199C434 109 370 25 271 25C188 25 133 117 133 241C133 355 189 414 249 414C357 414 426 302 485 199ZM903 204C903 70 852 25 790 25C681 25 611 136 552 240C603 330 669 414 768 414C855 414 903 321 903 204Z"/></g></svg> Fault Detection for Linear Discrete Time-Varying Descriptor Systems with Missing Measurements

Deng, Guangfu; Zhao, Huihong

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/867206

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

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Filtering and Control for Unreliable Communication 2015

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2015 | Article ID 867206 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/867206

Fault Detection for Linear Discrete Time-Varying Descriptor Systems with Missing Measurements

Guangfu Deng¹and Huihong Zhao¹

Academic Editor: Zidong Wang

Received18 Oct 2014

Accepted19 Nov 2014

Published05 Oct 2015

Abstract

This paper deals with the problem of fault detection for a class of linear discrete time-varying descriptor systems with missing measurements, and the missing measurements are described by a Bernoulli random binary switching sequence. We first translate the fault detection problem into an indefinite quadratic form problem. Then, a sufficient and necessary condition on the existence of the minimum is derived. Finally, an observer-based fault detection filter is obtained such that the minimum is positive and its parameter matrices are calculated recursively by solving a matrix differential equation. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

1. Introduction

During the last four decades, the fault diagnosis theory has received considerable attention, and many remarkable achievements have been obtained [1–6]. As mentioned in [2], it is well recognized that the model-based fault diagnosis techniques can be classified into three classical approaches: observer-based methods, parity space methods, and parameter identification based methods. Most of the achievements on fault diagnosis always assume that the observations contain the signal to be detected. However, in practice, the observation may contain the signal in a random manner. In this paper, the fault detection problem for a class of linear discrete time-varying descriptor systems with random missing measurements is investigated.

In practice, time variability is the inherent characteristic of most systems. Recently, research on fault diagnosis of linear systems with time-varying parameters has attracted more and more attention; see, for example, [7–22]. By dividing the filter gain matrix into two sections, an unknown input decoupling optimal filter for linear stochastic systems has been designed in [7], and its application on fault diagnosis has also been addressed. By employing the invariant subspace method and game theory, a game fault detection filter has been proposed in [8]. Based on parity space approach and stochastic signal processing methods, the fault detection and isolation have been studied for a class of linear discrete systems with stochastic inputs and deterministic disturbances and faults in [15, 21]. By applying adaptive observer method, a residual generator has been provided for linear discrete time-varying systems in [19, 22], and the residual adaptive threshold is derived by set-membership computations based on zonotopes. By assuming that the mean and variance of the fault and disturbances are known, the optimal fault detection filter for a class of stochastic systems has been developed in [10, 11, 13, 16]; however, in general, the prior information of the fault cannot be obtained. By solving a min-max problem with a generalized least-squares cost criterion, a generalized least-squares fault detection filter has been designed in [9, 12]. By using an adaptive observer method, a fault diagnosis technique for linear time-varying systems has been developed in [14, 17, 18]. However, to the best of authors’ knowledge, few reports on fault diagnosis problem of linear discrete time-varying descriptor systems have been published, which motivates the present study.

In classical fault diagnosis theories, all residual signals are obtained in the case that the measured output contains valid information. However, the data packet dropout is inevitable in navigation and guidance system, industrial control system, and network control system. Thus, in recent years, increasing attention has been paid to fault diagnosis problems for systems with missing measurements [23–25]. By employing the linear matrix inequality technique, both full-order and reduced-order fault detection filters have been considered for a class of linear discrete time-invariant systems with missing measurements and parameter uncertainty in [23]. In finite frequency domain, the fault detection problem has been concerned with systems with missing measurements in [24], and the fault detection scheme has been utilized to an aircraft model. In [25], the missing measurements are described by Markov random process, and the residual generator is presented as a discrete-time Markovian jump linear system. Note that the existing results mainly focus on the nondescriptor systems; there are few achievements on fault detection problem for descriptor systems with missing measurements. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to design the fault detection filter and residual evaluation scheme for a class of linear discrete time-varying descriptor systems with random missing measurements.

In this paper, based on the estimation method proposed in [26], a new fault detection filter design approach is developed for a class of linear discrete time-varying descriptor systems with random missing measurements. First, the fault detection problem is converted to the problem in which a certain indefinite quadratic form has a minimum and the fault detection filter parameter matrices are such that the minimum is positive. Then, by applying matrix analysis method, a necessary and sufficient condition for the indefinite quadratic form is analyzed. And by guaranteeing the positivity of the minimum, the parameter matrices of the fault detection filter are obtained. Moreover, the residual evaluation function and threshold are designed for the fault detection. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the performance of the fault detection filter and the residual evaluation scheme.

2. Problem Statement

Consider a discrete time-varying descriptor system described by the following model:where , , , , and are the state, external disturbance input, uncertain measurement output, measurement noise, and fault to be detected, respectively; , , and are bounded signals belonging to ; is a positive integer; , , , , and are known real-time-varying matrices with appropriate dimensions; and is a singular matrix with , ; the random variable is a Bernoulli distributed white sequence taking the values of 0 and 1 withwhere denotes the mathematical expectation, denotes the probability distribution, and is a known positive scalar.

Hypothesis 1. The initial matrices of system (1) satisfy the condition that .

The fault detection problem under investigation in this paper can be stated as follows. Given a disturbance attenuation level , based on the measurement output sequence , find a residual signal . If it exists, the following inequality is satisfied: where is a given positive definite matrix function which reflects the relative uncertainty of the initial state about the initial state estimate . Without loss of generality, let .

Even if the measurement data are fully available, the valid information of fault is not contained in the measurement output when . Thus, an one-step lag fault detection issue is defined as (3) to overcome this problem.

Define the following new variables: Thus, system (1) can be described as the following augmented model:where

For the purpose of fault detection, the following observer-based fault detection filter is proposed as a residual generator:where . Thus, the fault estimation problem can come down to the following: find the parameter matrices and ; if they exist, the performance index (3) is satisfied.

According to system (6), the performance index (3) is reexpressed aswhere and , and assume that and .

DefineThen, the fault detection problem is equivalent to the following: (1) of (10) has minimum with respect to and ;(2) can be chosen such that the value of at its minimum is positive.

In the following, we will first discuss the mathematical expectation of based on system (6). Then, the existence of the minimum over and can be derived. Finally, a solution to parameter matrices and will be obtained such that .

3. Main Results

From (6) and (10), we have Notice thatwhereThen, we have Thus, can be further expressed aswhereIn virtue of the above variables, for all , we have

Lemma 1 (see [26]). Consider matrices , , , and of appropriate dimensions, and is symmetric. If and only if and , for any , we have If the minimum is attained, it is unique if and only if . Moreover, the optimal solution is derived by .

3.1. Existence Conditions of the Minimum

According to Lemma 1, has the minimum if and only if . When , letTherefore, when , has the minimum if and only if .

Furthermore, for all , we can obtain the following equation from (17):

To ensure that (20) is positive definite, must be positive definite. Assume that is satisfied, and note thatTherefore, . If and only if the Schur complement of in (20) is positive definite, we have .

DefineAnd notice that Then, Moreover, we obtainThus, it is readily known that has a minimum if and only if .

In light of the above discussion, we have the following results.

Theorem 2. Consider the linear discrete time-varying descriptor system (1), given a scalar ; then has a minimum over and if and only if , where

3.2. Design of the Fault Detection Filter

According to Lemma 1, it is known that if has a minimum over and , the optimal solution isWhen , we haveFurthermore, notice thatThen, Hence,From the above analysis, we obtainAs such,Thus,

Based on the above discussion, we present the main results of this paper.

Theorem 3. Consider system (1), given a scalar ; then the fault detection filter (8) that achieves (3) exists if, and only if, andwhere is calculated by (26).

Proof. Note that has a minimum over and if and only if , and the minimum is It is readily seen that a positive minimum of is guaranteed by setting , . Furthermore, substituting into (34), we obtainIn the light of the above equation, the parameter matrices of (8) can be given by (35). Hence, the theorem is proven.

From Theorem 3 in this section, the fault detection filter can be computed in the following steps.

Step 1. Set , , , and ; calculate and in (9).

Step 2. Calculate and using (26) and (28).

Step 3. If , let , and go to Step 4; otherwise, exit.

Step 4. Let ; compute using (26).

Step 5. If , compute , , and using (35) and (8), and go to Step 4; otherwise, exit.

Step 6. Repeat Steps 4 to 5 till .

Remark 4. Note that the system augmentation has been applied to design the fault detection filter (8); it may lead to more expensive computational cost. Fortunately, an simultaneous state and unknown input estimator for descriptor system have been proposed in [27], and an fixed-lag smoother for missing measurements system has been given in [28], so it is possible, in the future, to design a new fault detection filter with lower computational cost by using the algorithm given in [27, 28].

4. Residual Evaluation

When the design of the fault detection filter has been completed, the next task is residual evaluation. First, the following residual evaluation function and the threshold are introduced to facilitate fault detection:The following strategy is applied for fault detection:If, for all , , the system (1) can be redescribed as follows:Employing a similar technical line of Section 3 in this paper, we can obtain the residual signal of system (40). For a given scalar , by employing performance index (3) and Theorem 3, we can judge whether the residual evaluation function with zero initial conditions achieves the following inequality: Note that and are bounded signals, so there exist and such thatSuppose that the minimum achieving (41) is ; then we have Thus, the residual threshold can be defined asFinally, it can be judged based on the strategy given in (39).

5. A Numerical Example

Consider the discrete system (1) with the following parameters:Set and . The unknown signals , , and are supposed to beBy applying Theorem 3, the fault detection filter is designed. Figure 1 shows the residual signal when and , and Figure 2 shows the residual evaluation function and threshold when and . Figure 3 shows the residual signal when and , and Figure 4 shows the residual evaluation function and threshold when and . It is shown that the tracking performance of fault detection filtering is good in the above two cases. Figure 5 shows the variation law of random parameter when . Figure 6 shows the residual signal when and , and Figure 7 shows the residual evaluation function and threshold when and . Figure 8 shows the residual signal when and , and Figure 9 shows the residual evaluation function and threshold when and . It is shown that the tracking performance of fault detection filtering is weakening when the system has missing measurements, but the threshold in Figures 7 and 9 has good performance.

6. Conclusions

In this paper, the Bernoulli random binary switching sequence has been applied to describe missing measurements, and it has been used as a basis on the study of the fault detection problem for linear discrete time-varying descriptor systems. The main contribution of this paper is to develop a novel approach on solving the fault detection problem for time-varying descriptor systems with missing measurements. An augmented system has been first obtained, and a relationship has been established between the fault detection problem and a certain indefinite quadratic form problem. By applying matrix analysis method, a necessary and sufficient existence condition and the explicit formula of the fault detection filter have been derived. The residual evaluation function and the threshold have been designed to facilitate fault detection. Finally, the proposed algorithm has been proved to be effective by a numerical example.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 61403061, 60774004, and 61273097), the Science and Technology Development Project of Dezhou, China (no. 2012B05), the Talent Introduction Project of Dezhou University, China (no. 311432), and the Solar Energy Special Project of Dezhou University, China (no. 14ZX03). The authors would like to thank the editor and reviewers for valuable comments and constructive suggestions aimed at improving the quality of this paper.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2015 Guangfu Deng and Huihong Zhao. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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