Chaotic Dynamics and Control of Discrete Ratio-Dependent Predator-Prey System

<div>Neimark-Sacker bifurcation and Lyapunov exponent of system (<a href="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ddns/volume-2017/4537450/figures/#EEq4">4</a>). 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Initial value: <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M259" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 129.802 12.7178" width="129.802pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z" id="g113-41"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="346" vert-adv-y="346" xpluscharwidth="4.498"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><path d="M536 404C536 423 520 448 491 448C445 448 398 404 308 283L286 338C255 416 242 448 217 448C182 448 138 402 92 341L111 321C149 368 169 378 178 378C188 378 198 363 214 320L254 212C185 117 138 65 107 65C98 65 85 69 82 75C79 82 73 86 65 86C44 86 23 60 23 39C23 7 44 -12 71 -12C119 -12 168 33 265 177L306 61C321 17 347 -12 373 -12C413 -12 465 33 507 96L491 119C459 84 432 60 413 60C395 60 378 92 358 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Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

fig3

Figure 3

Figure 3: Chaotic Dynamics and Control of Discrete Ratio-Dependent Predator-Prey System 