Complex Dynamics on the Routes to Chaos in a Discrete Predator-Prey System with Crowley-Martin Type Functional Response

<div>(a) Neimark-Sacker bifurcation diagram with parametric conditions given as <span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.55521pt" id="M280" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 27.889 8.55521" width="27.889pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M483 97L471 123C436 91 401 65 392 65C388 65 384 74 390 106C414 239 444 378 457 429L455 433C444 433 429 436 416 439C392 444 368 448 344 448C281 448 204 415 152 376C71 315 23 205 23 103C23 21 57 -12 85 -12C114 -12 149 6 185 34C231 70 285 119 329 183H331L309 81C292 0 308 -12 326 -12C350 -12 421 24 483 97ZM374 387C370 363 356 291 345 261C315 193 181 50 139 50C124 50 110 71 110 118C110 224 153 331 218 379C238 394 271 402 301 402C329 402 359 394 374 387Z" id="g113-98"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.212,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path></g><g 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199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path></g></svg>;</span> (b) maximum Lyapunov exponent corresponding to (a); (c) local amplification of (a) in the range of <span class="nowrap"><svg height="11.439pt" id="M286" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 64.0515 11.439" width="64.0515pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M290 -163V-135C183 -126 181 -122 181 -44V583C181 662 184 666 290 675V703H120V-163H290Z" id="g113-92"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.485,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.725,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" id="g113-47"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.689,0)"><path 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Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

fig5

Figure 5

Figure 5: Complex Dynamics on the Routes to Chaos in a Discrete Predator-Prey System with Crowley-Martin Type Functional Response 