Implementation Flexibility of Multiperiod Rail Line Design with Consideration of Uncertainties in Population Distribution

Table 2

The benefit and penalty of each alternative.

Alternative	Project start time	Interest rate	Growth factor of; population density per year	Benefit	Penalty
DNA	0
Fast-tracked
Deferred

Notes:
The original project start time as schedule is set as year 0.
The planning and operation horizon is assumed to be same for the three alternatives.
Normally, the following equations are held:
or .