Neimark-Sacker-Turing Instability and Pattern Formation in a Spatiotemporal Discrete Predator-Prey System with Allee Effect

Figure 4

Pattern formation resulting from spatially symmetry breaking on period-31 orbit and starting with stochastic initial condition. = 1.63, = 0.1, = 0.32, = 0.22, = 0.6, = 1.2, = 5.525, = 10, and = 200.

(a) = 1

(b) = 10

(c) = 100

(d) = 500

(e) = 1000

(f) = 5000