Neimark-Sacker-Turing Instability and Pattern Formation in a Spatiotemporal Discrete Predator-Prey System with Allee Effect

Figure 9

Pattern formation resulting from spatially symmetry breaking on period-31 orbit and starting with deterministic initial condition. = 1.63, = 0.1, = 0.32, = 0.22, = 0.6, = 1.2, = 5.525, = 10, and = 200.

(a) = 1

(b) = 500

(c) = 1000

(d) = 1500

(e) = 2000

(f) = 200000