Quantifying Urban Sprawl and Its Driving Forces in China
Table 4
The direct, indirect, and total effects of the whole sample.
Variables
Urban Sprawl
Population Density
Direct Effect
Indirect Effect
Total Effect
Direct Effect
Indirect Effect
Total Effect
0.354∗∗
0.237
0.591∗∗
-0.104
-0.451
-0.555
(2.305)
(1.077)
(2.165)
(-0.606)
(-1.522)
(-1.472)
0.261∗∗
0.258
0.519∗∗
0.049
-0.521∗∗
-0.472∗
(2.222)
(1.589)
(2.675)
(0.410)
(-2.514)
(-1.789)
-0.061∗∗
-0.044
-0.106∗∗
0.008
0.098∗
0.106
(-2.125)
(-1.066)
(-2.051)
(0.260)
(1.771)
(1.508)
-0.006
0.006
0.001
0.055∗∗∗
-0.018
0.036∗∗
(-0.599)
(0.410)
(0.035)
(7.232)
(-1.369)
(2.395)
-0.034
0.038
0.004
0.001
-0.027
-0.026
(-1.33)
(0.844)
(0.089)
(0.045)
(-0.856)
(-0.732)
-0.001
0.027
0.026
0.054∗∗
-0.056
-0.002
(-0.044)
(0.671)
(0.555)
(2.258)
(-1.316)
(-0.046)
0.017
0.025
0.042
-0.101∗∗∗
0.065
-0.037
(0.771)
(0.627)
(0.932)
(-3.947)
(1.581)
(-0.869)
-0.011
-0.054
-0.065
0.130∗∗∗
-0.126∗∗∗
0.005
(-0.512)
(-1.327)
(-1.387)
(7.246)
(-3.807)
(0.120)
-0.010
0.021
0.011
0.007
0.006
0.013
(-0.724)
(0.877)
(0.376)
(0.376)
(0.188)
(0.321)
Notes: the t-statistical data are provided in the parentheses; ∗∗∗, ∗∗, and ∗ refer to the statistical significance level (1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively).
