Quantifying Urban Sprawl and Its Driving Forces in China
Table 8
The direct, indirect, and total effects of the western region.
Variables
Urban Sprawl
Population Density
Direct Effect
Indirect Effect
Total Effect
Direct Effect
Indirect Effect
Total Effect
0.145
0.265
0.409∗
-0.093
-0.031
-0.124
(1.117)
(1.455)
(1.736)
(-0.827)
(-0.210)
(-0.652)
0.069
0.335∗∗
0.404∗∗
-0.056
-0.126
-0.183
(0.728)
(2.499)
(2.326)
(-0.660)
(-1.200)
(-1.300)
∗
-0.033
-0.053
-0.086∗
0.023
0.008
0.031
(-1.355)
(-1.521)
(-1.903)
(1.066)
(0.283)
(0.844)
0.012
-0.007
0.005
0.002
0.021
0.023
(1.553)
(-0.475)
(0.277)
(0.265)
(1.600)
(1.435)
0.000
0.010
0.010
-0.041
0.081∗
0.039
(0.008)
(0.174)
(0.147)
(-1.254)
(1.736)
(0.735)
-0.027
0.069∗
0.042
0.018
-0.032
-0.014
(-1.172)
(1.809)
(0.853)
(0.886)
(-1.056)
(-0.365)
-0.004
-0.061∗
-0.065
-0.003
0.022
0.019
(-0.193)
(-1.737)
(-1.490)
(-0.146)
(0.739)
(0.531)
0.004
0.033
0.037
0.026
0.011
0.037
(0.248)
(0.899)
(0.836)
(1.935)
(0.387)
(1.095)
-0.010
0.011
0.001
0.014
-0.001
0.013
(-1.167)
(0.735)
(0.049)
(1.804)
(-0.084)
(0.793)
Notes: the t-statistical information is provided in the parentheses; ∗∗∗, ∗∗, and ∗ represent the statistical significance degree (1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively).
