Optimal Decisions for Carbon Emission Reduction through Technological Innovation in a Hybrid-Channel Supply Chain with Consumers’ Channel Preferences

Table 1

Symbols and notations.

Symbols and notation	Explanation
	Potential number of consumers who prefer shopping in a physical store
	Potential number of consumers who prefer shopping online
	Discount coefficient of the retailer’s offline demand due to the consumers’ channel mismatch
	Discount coefficient of the online demand due to the consumers’ channel mismatch
	Consumer price sensitivity coefficient
	Consumer price gap sensitivity coefficient
	Low-carbon sensitivity coefficient in the retail channel
	Low-carbon sensitivity coefficient in the online direct channel
	Retail price
	Direct selling price of the manufacturer
	Unit operating cost of the retailer
	Unit production cost of the manufacturer
	Carbon permit price in the carbon market
	Initial carbon permits allocation
	Unit carbon emission level before carbon emission reduction
	Carbon emission reduction level or unit amount of emission reduction
	Cost coefficient of carbon emission reduction