The Impact of R&D Input on Technological Innovation: Evidence from South Asian and Southeast Asian Countries
Table 1
Variable settings and descriptions.
Variable name
Variable index
Description
Scientific journal articles
sja
The number of scientific and engineering articles published in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, Earth and space science, etc.
Patent applications
pat
The number of patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty or with the National Patent Office
R&D expenditure investment
rei
The total domestic R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP, including capital and recurrent expenditures of business, government, higher education, and private nonprofit institutions
R&D manpower input
rmi
The number of scientific researchers engaged in research and improvement or development of software for concepts, theories, models, technologies, instruments, and operating methods, expressed as per million
Foreign direct investment
fdi
The proportion of net inflow of foreign direct investment in GDP
Government education expenditure
edu
The proportion of government education expenditure in GDP
GDP per capita
gdp
GDP divided by mid-year population in each country