The Impact of R&D Input on Technological Innovation: Evidence from South Asian and Southeast Asian Countries

Table 1

Variable settings and descriptions.

Variable name	Variable index	Description
Scientific journal articles	sja	The number of scientific and engineering articles published in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, Earth and space science, etc.
Patent applications	pat	The number of patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty or with the National Patent Office
R&D expenditure investment	rei	The total domestic R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP, including capital and recurrent expenditures of business, government, higher education, and private nonprofit institutions
R&D manpower input	rmi	The number of scientific researchers engaged in research and improvement or development of software for concepts, theories, models, technologies, instruments, and operating methods, expressed as per million
Foreign direct investment	fdi	The proportion of net inflow of foreign direct investment in GDP
Government education expenditure	edu	The proportion of government education expenditure in GDP
GDP per capita	gdp	GDP divided by mid-year population in each country