Research Article
Modeling the Impact of Innovation on Economic Quality and Environmental Pollution Change under Consideration of Environmental Regulation
| Variable classification | Variable name | Variable interpretation | Symbol | References |
| Explained variable | Green total factor productivity | Malmquist–Luenberger index based on nonradial SBM directional distance | GTFP | [38, 39] | Total factor productivity | DEA-Malmquist index | TFP | [28] | Emissions | Industrial wastewater discharge (IWD), industrial sulfur dioxide discharge (SO2), industrial smoke and dust discharge (ISD) | CON | [40–44] | Explanatory variables | Number of patents (ten thousand) | Number of patents = number of invention patents + number of utility patents + number of appearance patents | INV | [45, 46] |
| Threshold variable | Environmental regulation | Entropy weight method based on five indicators: industrial SO2 removal rate, smoke removal rate, the comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste, domestic sewage treatment rate, and domestic garbage innocuous treatment rate | REGU | [47, 48] |
| Control variable | Industrial structure | The ratio of the added value of the tertiary industry to the added value of the secondary industry | IS | [49, 50] | Open to the outside world | The proportion of the output value of foreign-invested enterprises in the regional GDP | FDI | [51, 52] | Government action | Government expenditure on teaching and research as a percentage of the regional GDP | GOV | [53] | Infrastructure | Urban road area per capita | ROD | [54] |
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