Dynamic Evaluation of Urban Sustainability Based on ELECTRE: A Case Study from China

Table 1

Urban sustainability evaluation indicator system.

Dimension	Code	Indicator	Unit	Property	References
Economy	C1	GDP per capita	Yuan	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Tang et al. [5]; Zhang et al. [10]; Ding et al. [7]; Lu et al. [38]; Xu et al. [9]; Yi et al. [42];
	C2	Per capita investment in fixed asset	Yuan	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Yi et al. [42]; Lu et al. [38]; Li et al. [43];
	C3	Amount of foreign capital utilized actually per capita	Dollar	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Yi et al. [42]; Li et al. [43];
	C4	Proportion of GDP contributed by tertiary industry	%	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Zhang et al. [10]; Ding et al. [7];Liang et al. [8]; Lu et al. [38]; Xu et al. [9]; Yi et al. [42];
	C5	Total import and export volume	10000 Dollar	Benefit	Tang et al. [5]; Lu et al. [38];
	C6	Retail sales of consumer goods	10000 Yuan	Benefit	Tang et al. [5]; Zhang et al. [10]; Lu et al. [38];Xu et al. [9]; Yi et al. [42];
	C7	Urbanization rate	%	Benefit	Yi et al. [29];
Society	C8	Per capita disposable income of urban residents	Yuan	Benefit	Tang et al. [5]; Ding et al. [7]; Lu et al. [38]; Yi et al. [42];
	C9	Urban unemployment rate	%	Cost	Yi et al. [29]; Tang et al. [5]; Zhang et al. [10]; Ding et al. [7]; Lu et al. [38]; Xu et al. [9]; Yi et al. [42];
	C10	Natural population growth rate	‰	Benefit	Lu et al. [38]; Yi et al. [42];
	C11	Beds of medical institutions for per 10,000 people	Unit	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Liang et al. [8]; Xu et al. [9]; Yi et al. [42];Zhang et al. [10];
	C12	Number of buses for per 10,000 people	Vehicle	Benefit	Ding et al. [7]; Xu et al. [9];
	C13	Per capita green area	㎡	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Lu et al. [38]; Zhang et al. [10];
	C14	Per capita of water resource	m3	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Tang et al. [5]; Zhang et al. [10];
	C15	Coverage rate of old-age insurance	%	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Liang et al. [8];
	C16	Proportion of government budgetary expenditure in education	%	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Ding et al. [7]; Liang et al. [8]; Lu et al. [38]; Xu et al. [9];
	C17	Proportion of government budgetary expenditure in science and technology	%	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Ding et al. [7]; Lu et al. [38]; Xu et al. [9];
Environment	C18	Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid wastes	%	Benefit	Yi et al. [29]; Tang et al. [5]; Zhang et al. [10]; Ding et al. [7]; Liang et al. [8]; Yi et al. [42]
	C19	Industrial soot and dust emissions	Ton	Cost	Yi et al. [29]; Zhang et al. [10]; Lu et al. [38]; Yi et al. [42];
	C20	Industrial waste water emissions	10,000 Ton	Cost	Yi et al. [29]; Tang et al. [5]; Zhang et al. [10]; Lu et al. [38]; Yi et al. [42];
	C21	Green coverage rate of built-up areas	%	Benefit	Tang et al. [5]; Zhang et al. [10]; Ding et al. [7]; Liang et al. [8]; Lu et al. [38]; Xu et al. [9];
	C22	Annual average concentration of PM2.5	Ug/m³	Cost	Ding et al. [7];Han et al. [44];He et al. [45]; Xu et al. [9];
	C23	Centralized sewage treatment rate	%	Benefit	Ding et al. [7]; Liang et al. [8]; Xu et al. [9];
	C24	Household waste treatment rate	%	Benefit	Ding et al. [7]; Liang et al. [8];