How and When Factors of Agricultural Contribution Influence Urbanization: A Historical Analysis of Tibet

Table 5

Results of the Granger causality test.^∗

Dependent variable	Short–term causality					Long–term causality
	D(LNUR)	D(LNFDC)	D(LNMLC)	D(LNLRC)	D(LNMTC)	ECT(−1)
D(LNUR)		0.485	0.187	0.089	1.140	6.587^a
D(LNFDC)	15.698^a		0.052	0.660	0.662	−3.128^a
D(LNMLC)	10.687^a	0.202		0.735	1.880	2.385^a
D(LNLRC)	52.364^a	10.168^a	2.572		2.662	−7.038^a
D(LNMTC)	14.989^a	2.607	0.550	0.995		−1.128^a

^∗Null hypothesis: No causal relationship exists between the variables. ECT (−1) was the error correction term that lagged by one period. ^aIndicates significance at the 1% level. ^bIndicates significance at the 5% level. ^cIndicates significance at the 10% level.