| | Category | Variables | Definitions | Participating sample mean (standard error) | Receiving sample mean (standard error) |
| | NRPS variables | Participation | Dummy: participating in NRPS = 1; else = 0 | 0.6719(0.47) | — | | Pension | Dummy: receive NRPS income = 1; else = 0 | — | 0.6675 (0.47) | | Pension_amount | Annual amount received (yuan) | — | 1216.86 (3242) | | Part_time | Years since participating in the NRPS (only 2012 data) | 2.3745 (0.91) | — | | Pen_time | Years since receiving the NRPS income (only 2012 data) | — | 2.0685 (0.82) | | Personal variables | Age | Age | 51.42 (4.32) | 67.81 (6.70) | | Gender | Dummy: male = 1; else = 0 | 0.4864 (0.49) | 0.4842 (0.49) | | Marriage | Dummy: has a spouse = 1; else = 0 | 0.9374 (0.24) | 0.7664 (0.42) | | Educ | Education, 1–5, illiteracy = 1, college = 5 | 2.1690 (0.98) | 1.6033 (0.79) | | Medical_fee | Education, 1–5, illiteracy = 1, college = 5 | 2247.31 (8610) | 3197.94 (29289) | | Family variables | Familysize | Family population | 4.4361 (1.89) | 4.1946 (2.20) | | Child_num | Family population | 1.6376 (0.95) | 0.9561 (0.84) | | Fincome_per | Family annual per capita net income (yuan) | 12109.08 (25131) | 9748.43 (49628) | | Ftransfer_per | Family annual per capita transfer income (yuan) | 628.31 (4122) | 740.4905 (2176) | | Land | Dummy: has land = 1; else = 0 | 0.6299 (0.48) | 0.6320 (0.48) | | Village variables | Disaster | Dummy: the village is a frequent area of natural disaster = 1; else = 0 | 0.369 2 (0.48) | 0.3592 (0.48) | | Landforms | Village landform | 2.9830 (1.18) | 3.0814 (1.83) | | Distance_town | Distance between village and nearest market town (km) | 6.0655 (2.40) | 6.6124 (2.76) | | Distance_county | Distance between the village and the county seat (km) | 25.2606 (20.55) | 24.9872 (20.15) | | Distance_capital | Distance between village and provincial capital (km) | 256.2255 (271) | 252.4294 (281) | | Instrumental variable (IV) | Cpart_ratio | The county-level participation rate (excluding the elderly themselves) | 0.3718 (0.18) | 0.3462 (0.18) | | Observations | 15076 | 11454 |
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Data source: CFPS 2012, 2014, 2016. Note: (1) We divided the level of education into five categories, represented by 1–5, which were illiteracy, primary school, junior middle school, high school, and college or above, respectively. (2) Landforms of villages were divided into seven categories, which were represented by 1–7, such as, namely, hills, mountains, plateaus, plains, grasslands, fishing, villages, and others. (3) Variables (family income and transfer income) have been winsorized at the 1st and 99th percentile.
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