Lead Exposure: A Summary of Global Studies and the Need for New Studies from Saudi Arabia

Table 1

Use of heavy metal lead in traditional medicine in Saudi Arabia.

Exposure source	Description/exposure pathway	Ref. #
Bint dahab	A yellow lead oxide used as a home remedy.	McNiel and Reinhard 1967 [80]
Santrinj	98% lead oxide used as a home remedy for “gum boils” and “teething.”	McNiel and Reinhard 1967 [80]
Traditional Saudi medicine	Orange powder for teething and for antidiarrheal effect.	Abu Melha et al. 1987 [81]
Kohl	83% lead, believed to strengthen and protect the eyes.	Al-Saleh et al. 1999 [23]