Calcium Channel Autoantibodies Predicted Sudden Cardiac Death and All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Ischemic and Nonischemic Chronic Heart Failure

Table 1

Clinical data of control subjects and patients with CHF.

Clinical characteristic	Control (834)	CHF
		DCM (𝑛=732)	𝑃	ICM (𝑛=1099)	𝑃
Male, 𝑛 (%)	449 (53.84%)	558 (76.23%)	<0.001	885 (80.53%)	<0.001
Age (y)	57.35±12.68	58.86±14.42	=0.052	67.87±10.48	<0.001
BMI	24.63±10.20	24.94±17.05	=0.587	25.02±3.81	=0.453
NYHA class, 𝑛 (%)
I	834 (100%)	0	—	0	—
II	0	157 (21.45%)	—	582 (52.96%)	—
III	0	306 (41.80%)	—	338 (30.76%)	—
IV	0	269 (36.75%)	—	179 (16.28%)	—
Hypertension, 𝑛 (%)	199 (23.86%)	242 (33.06%)	=0.003	672 (61.15%)	<0.001
Hyperlipidemia, 𝑛 (%)	53 (6.35%)	76 (10.38%)	<0.001	329 (29.94%)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus, 𝑛 (%)	60 (7.19%)	120 (16.39%)	<0.001	317 (28.84%)	<0.001
ECG and arrhythmias
MHR (beats/min)	69.95±10.60	79.69±18.89	<0.001	72.57±14.37	<0.001
AF (𝑛)	0	177 (24.18%)	—	130 (11.83%)	—
PVC (𝑛)	0	192 (26.23%)	—	217 (19.75%)	—
QTc (ms)	412.31±81.21	446.59±102.57	<0.001	444.49±88.67	<0.001
QRS duration (ms)	94.26±57.77	113.64±38.23	<0.001	104.88±42.03	<0.001
Hemodynamic parameters
LVEF (%)	60.63±9.09	32.91±9.80	<0.001	41.32±8.67	<0.001
LVEDD (mm)	45.34±8.76	66.10±11.96	<0.001	57.59±9.23	<0.001
Medications for CHF
ACEI, 𝑛 (%)	0	437 (59.69%)	—	710 (64.60%)	—
Diuretic, 𝑛 (%)	0	565 (77.18%)	—	741 (67.42%)	—
Digoxin, 𝑛 (%)	0	483 (65.98%)	—	697 (63.42%)	—
𝛽-blocker, 𝑛 (%)	0	570 (77.87%)	—	776 (70.61%)	—
CCBs, 𝑛 (%)	0	24 (3.28%)	—	248 (22.57%)	—
ICD, 𝑛 (%)	0	10 (1.37%)	—	28 (2.55%)	—

Values are mean ± SD or number (%). 𝑃<0.05 was considered significant compared with the control group. Premature vascular contraction (PVC) indicated >3000 beats/24 h.
AF: atrial fibrillation; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; BMI: body mass index; CHF: chronic heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; ICM: ischaemic cardiomyopathy; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MHR: mean heart rate; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; SCD: sudden cardiac death.