Potential Uses, Limitations, and Basic Procedures of Micronuclei and Nuclear Abnormalities in Buccal Cells

Table 1

The use of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities as markers for labor and environmental risk.

Labor/environmental risk	Age (years)	MN	CC	KR	PN	KL	NBUDs	BNC	CA stained	Country reference
Banana harvester (pesticide)									1000 (ND)	Costa Rica, 2004 [49]
Exposed (𝑛=40)	16–50	0.03	0.003	0.04*	0.03	0.08	0.02	0.04
Nonexposed (𝑛=44)	33.2	0.03	0.003	0.06	0.04	0.1	0.02	0.04
Floriculture (pesticide)									1000 (1)	Mexico, 2000 [50]
Exposed (𝑛=30)	18–63	10.01±0.03^∗	19±0.0	2±0.0^∗	4±0.0^∗	8±0.0^∗	0.7±0.0	25±0.0
Nonexposed (𝑛=30)		0.3±0.02	19±0.0	0.5±0.0	2±0.0	3±0.0	0.1±0.0	16±0.0
Pesticide production									2000 (6)	India, 2006 [51]
Exposed (𝑛=54)	35.1±5.2	1.2±0.7^∗	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Nonexposed (𝑛=54)	33.4±5.5	0.3±0.2
Nurses (cytostatic drugs)									1000 (2)	Cuba, 2004 [48]
Exposed	39	7.3*	7.0*	ND	5.09^∗	9.1*	ND	8.09*
Nonexposed		4.5	1.5		4.1	1.8		4.6
Cone beam computed tomography									2000 (1)	Brazil, 2010 [52]
Before exposure (𝑛=19)	26.8±5	0.04±0.05	ND	7.4±46 (KR, PN, KL)			ND	ND
After exposure (𝑛=19)		0.05±0.06		17.8±5.4^∗ (KR, PN, KL)
Chemical products									1000 (2)	Cuba, 2005 [53]
Nonexposed (𝑛=20)	36.2±5.9	5.6	4.2		7.4	4.5	ND	9.2
Carbon dioxide (𝑛=20)	52.2±7.0	5.4	6.5*		5.5	5.6		5.2
Ammonia (𝑛=15)	35.7±5.7	8.1*	8.3*		7.7	7.6		10.0*
Welding vapor (Fe, Zn, Ni, and Cr)  (𝑛=11)	40.7±8.7	8.6*	9.5	ND	8.5	10.0*		13.2*
Welder (Fe, Zn, Ni, and Cr vapor)									1000 (2)	Colombia, 2011 [54]
Exposed (𝑛=36)	ND	0.5±0.1^∗	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.2±0.04^∗	13.7±0.7^∗
Nonexposed (𝑛=25)		0.2±0.07					0.05±0.02	5.6±0.3
Children with metal crowns (nickel)									1000 (2)	Mexico, 2013 [55]
Day 1 (𝑛=37)	4–11	4.6±0.15	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Day 45 (𝑛=37)	6.2±1.7	6.7±0.16^∗
Lead battery factory workers (smokers)									1000 (2)	India, 2011 [56]
Exposed (𝑛=62)	38.0+7.0	10.1*	ND	18.8*		46.0	6.8	ND
Nonexposed (𝑛=60)	42.2+8.0	3.6±0.1		8.6±0.4		32.4±0.6	3.7±0.4
Chrome plating workers (hexavalent Cr)									1500 (3)	India, 2011 [57]
Smokers exposed (𝑛=24)	43.4±3.7	4.5±1.1^∗	ND	36.2±5.9	5.1±0.4	128.9±8.4	7.1±1.5	7.2±0.8
Exposed (𝑛=20)	37.6±2.9	3.1±1.1^∗		52.2±7.0	3.6±0.3	87±4.2	5.0±0.7	6.9±0.9
Smokers nonexposed (𝑛=21)	42.5±2.2	1.4±0.4		9.1±2.9	2.6±0.2	39.2±2.4	2.5±1.4	4.7±0.8
Nonexposed (𝑛=19)	40.2±3.7	1.0±0.2		6.0±1.56	1.8±0.7	26.3±2.5	3.2±1.5	3.4±0.9
Urban soil (arsenic and lead)									1000 (ND)	Mexico, 2013 [58]
Exposed (𝑛=98)	4–10	2.2±1.6^∗	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Nonexposed (𝑛=42)		1.06±0.74
Glass workers (arsenic)	18–34	0.4±0.1	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	2000 (1)	India, 2006 [59]
Exposed (𝑛=200)	35–68	1.1±0.1^∗
Nonexposed (𝑛=165)	18–34	0.1±0.04
	35–68	0.2±0.05
Outdoor painters									3000 (1)	Mexico, 2000 [60]
Exposed (𝑛=25)	25–60	1.1±0.02^∗	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Nonexposed (𝑛=25)		0.3±0.01
Commercial painters									3000 (1)	India, 2010 [61]
Exposed (𝑛=30)	20–50	17.7±3.2	ND	23.8±4.2^∗	ND	21.3±4.5^∗	10.4±3.4^∗	25.7±4.5^∗
Nonexposed (𝑛=30)		2.5±1.3		2.7±0.6		2.7±0.8	0.6±0.4	2.3±0.9
Shoe workers (toluene and others)									1000 (1)	Mexico, 2009 [62]
Exposed (𝑛=34)	18–65	0.1^∗♦	5.0^♦	0.0^♦	1.0^♦	0.2^♦	0.1^♦	0.3^♦
Nonexposed (𝑛=34)		0.0^♦	6.1^♦	0.0^♦	0.7^♦	0.0^♦	0.0^♦	0.2^♦
Tannery workers									2000 (2)	India, 2011 [63]
Exposed (𝑛=84)	37.4±8.6	7.1±1.1^∗	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Nonexposed (𝑛=52)	37.6±8.4	4.0±1.6
Power plant processing poultry litter workers									2000 (3)	Austria, 2012 [64]
Exposed (𝑛=21)	41.2±9.4	No difference	No difference	*	*	No difference	No difference	No difference
Nonexposed (𝑛=25)	41.1±8.1
Formaldehyde									1000 (1)	Portugal, 2010 [65]
Pathology laboratory (𝑛=50)	33.8±8.2	0.6±1.7	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Formaldehyde-based resins production factory (𝑛=30)		1.2±1.5^∗
Nonexposed (𝑛=85)	35.7±9.4	0.1±0.4
Hairdressers									2000 (3)	Brazil, 2010 [66]
Exposed (𝑛=50)	37.4±2.0	2.0±3.6^∗	ND	ND	ND	ND	9.0±3.8	8.5±5.0
Nonexposed (𝑛=50)	37.0±12.0	0.3±1.0					5.9±2.6	5.2±4.7
Thermoelectric plant workers									1000 (1)	Portugal, 2012 [67]
Exposed (𝑛=44)	36.2±9.6	1.8±1.6^∗	ND	82.4‰  (karyorrhexis, pyknosis, and karyolysis)*			ND	ND
Office nonexposed (𝑛=47)	42.1±7.6	0.2±0.4		58.3‰  (karyorrhexis, pyknosis, and karyolysis)
Calcite factory workers									1000 (2)	Turkey, 2010 [68]
Smokers + CaCO3 (𝑛=25)	30.7±0.7	11.4±1.1		3.0±0.2		1.9±0.4	15.1±1.5	11.2±0.8
Nonsmokers + CaCO3 (𝑛=25)		4.6±1.1	ND	2.2±0.2	ND	3.1±0.4	4.0±1.5	6.9±0.8
Smokers Nonexposed (𝑛=25)	30.6±1.2	25.5±1.1		1.1±0.2		1.2±0.4	3.5±1.5	4.7±0.8
Nonsmokers (𝑛=25)		15.1±1.1		1.0±0.2		1.3±0.4	5.2±1.5	3.4±0.8
Fisher folks/mine tailings									1000 (1)	Philippines, 2010 [69]
Exposed (𝑛=47)	8–70	7.7±2.9^∗	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Nonexposed (𝑛=21)		2.2±1.5
Mechanic and car painters									3000 (1)	Brazil, 2000 [70]
Exposed (𝑛=60)	15–50	8.2±4.3^∗	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Nonexposed (𝑛=80)		2.1±1.6
Firefighter			ND					ND	1000 (3)	India, 2005 [71]
Exposed (𝑛=47)	43.2	3.9±0.1^∗		24.1±1.4^∗	2.8±0.4^∗	152.6±10.1^∗	5.6±0.4^∗
Nonexposed/office (𝑛=40)	44	1.2±0.01		6.45±0.76	0.62±0.13	21.5±2.2	1.7±0.2
Fire breathers									1000 (4)	Mexico, 1998 [36]
Exposed (𝑛=5)		0.8±0.7	2.4±2.9^∗	0.4±0.6^∗	0.7±0.8^∗		0.8±0.9	4.2±2.3^∗
Exposed + smokers (𝑛=3)	28–54	0.7±0.5	2.9±1.1	4.4±0.8	1.3±0.4	0	0.4±0.5	5.8±1.1
Nonexposed (𝑛=13)		1.1±0.9	1.3±1.6	0.1±0.1	0.7±1.4		0.7±0.8	2.7±1.7
Fuel dispenser									1000 (1)	Turkey, 2003 [72]
Smokers (𝑛=25)		1.6±0.08^∗		0.5±0.09		0.4±0.1		2.3±0.4
Nonsmokers (𝑛=25)		1.1±0.06		0.3±0.09		0.3±0.0		1.7±0.05
Nonexposed			ND		ND		ND
Smokers (𝑛=25)		0.6±0.03		1.8±0.1		1.7±0.1		0.8±0.0
Nonsmokers (𝑛=25)		0.2±0.02		1.3±0.1		1.5±0.1		0.6±0.0
Fuel dispenser									1000 (2)	India, 2010 [73]
Smokers (𝑛=56)	17–35	9.8±2.0^∗	ND	19.8±03^∗		41.2±0.5	ND	7.8±1.0^∗
Nonsmokers (𝑛=64)		7.1±3.1		7.8±0.5		32.8±0.2		4.8±1.0
Nonexposed
Smokers (𝑛=30)		2.9±0.01		9.6±1.1		29.4±0.5		3.4±0.4
Nonsmokers (𝑛=75)		2.1±0.02		7.6±0.7		24.4±1.1		2.8±0.1
Fuel dispenser (benzene)									1000 (5)	India, 2011 [74]
(𝑛=200)			ND		ND
1.500 𝜇g m^−3	37.5±6.3	5.1±0.3^∗		1.1±0.3^∗		2.2±0.1^∗	1.0±0.0	3.0±0.01^∗
1.100 𝜇g m^−3	34.8±6.2	2.7±0.4		0.03±0.1		0	0	1.04±0.2

MN: micronuclei; CC: condensed chromatin; KR: karyorrhexis, PN: pyknosis; KL: karyolysis; NBUDs: nuclear buds; BN: binucleated cells; AC: analyzed cells; ND: no data. All values are represented as mean ± SD, except for values marked with ^♦represent median. *Statistical difference when compared with reference group.