Novel Serum Biomarkers to Differentiate Cholangiocarcinoma from Benign Biliary Tract Diseases Using a Proteomic Approach

Figure 2

An overview of the DE proteins between BBTDs and CCA. (a) Volcano plots on log₂ fold change and probability values between BBTDs and CCA cases. Red dots correspond to the identified DE proteins that were cut off at . (b) Principle component analysis for DE proteins. Three-dimensional scatter plot represents two clusters of BBTDs and CCA cases based on the DE proteins. Each dot represents a patient with either BBTDs or CCA, as indicated. (c) A hierarchical clustering analysis was carried out on the basis of the expression pattern. The DE proteins were linked together according to their expression (dendrogram on left). BBTD and CCA patients were also clustered (dendrogram on top). The protein-expression intensities were standardized between −3.0 (green) and 3.0 (red).