Serum and Urine Biomarkers for Human Renal Cell Carcinoma

Table 1

Potential serum biomarkers in RCC.

Marker	Author (yr)	RCC (number)	HC (number)	RCC versus HC	Stage	Grade
TRAF-1	Rajandram et al. (2014) [51]	15	15	↑
Hsp27	White et al. (2014) [53]	54	36	↑
SAA	Mittal et al. (2012) [55]	422			↑
	Fischer et al. (2012) [56]	115	24	↑
hsCRP	de Martino et al. (2013) [57]	41			↑	↑
	Steffens et al. (2012) [58]	1.161			↑
GGT	Hofbauer et al. (2014) [60]	921			↑	↑
TRAIL	Toiyama et al. (2013) [63]	84	52	↓
M-65	Yildiz et al. (2013) [65]	39	39	↑
Ab anti-PHD3	Tanaka et al. (2011) [67]	22	26	↑
CA IX	Takacova et al. (2013) [69]	74			↑
TuM2-PK	Nisman et al. (2010) [70]	116	20	↑	↑	↑
TK1	Nisman et al. (2010) [70]	116	20	↑	↑
20S proteasome	de Martino et al. (2012) [72]	113	15	↑
OPN	Papworth et al. (2013) [74]	269			↑

RCC: renal cell carcinoma; HC: healthy control; No: number; TRAF-1: tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated Factor-1; Hsp27: heat shock protein 1; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; M65: intact form of CK18; TRAIL: tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand; CA IX: carbonic anhydrase IX; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; SAA: serum amyloid A; OPN: osteopontin; anti-PHD3 Ab: anti-hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase-3 antibody; TuM2-PK: pyruvate kinase type M2; TK1: thymidine kinase 1.