Review Article
First-Trimester Uterine Artery Doppler Analysis in the Prediction of Later Pregnancy Complications
Table 1
First-trimester biochemical biomarkers associated with preeclampsia (PE).
| Marker | Mechanism of action | Levels associated with PE |
| PAPP-A | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein protease: impaired trophoblast invasion and fetal cell growth | ↓ |
| PlGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor trophoblastic proliferation and implantation | ↓ |
| sFlt-1 | Antiangiogenic factor | ↑ |
| Inhibin-A & activin-A | Maintenance of spiral artery function | ↓ |
| sEng | Impairs binding of transforming growth-β1 to cell surface receptors, inhibiting angiogenesis | ↑ |
| PP13 | Binds to protein on extracellular matrix between placenta and myometrium: placenta implantation & remodeling | ↓ |
| ADAM12 | Placenta derived multidomain glycoprotein: fetal & placental growth | ↓ |
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