Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Alterations of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Treated with Amlodipine/Benazepril or Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide

Table 1

Characteristics of the subjects grouped by drug treatment and changes in the serum BDNF levels prior to and after the study.

	Amlodipine/benazepril		Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide
	Decreased BDNF	Increased BDNF	Decreased BDNF	Increased BDNF
	()	()	()	()
Age (years)	60 ± 10	61 ± 11	60 ± 10	57 ± 11	0.329
Gender (male)	26 (59.1%)	16 (48.5%)	20 (64.5%)	30 (66.7%)	0.401
Body weight (kg)
Baseline	71.2 ± 14.1	65.8 ± 13.7	68.8 ± 11.5	72.1 ± 14.0	0.173
End of trial	70.8 ± 13.6	65.6 ± 13.3	68.2 ± 11.3	72.0 ± 14.0
Change from baseline	−0.4 ± 1.7	−0.2 ± 1.3	−0.6 ± 2.0	−0.2 ± 1.4	0.653
BMI (kg/m^2)
Baseline	27.2 ± 4.2	25.5 ± 3.1	25.8 ± 3.4	27.2 ± 4.4	0.114
End of trial	27.1 ± 4.0	25.5 ± 3.0	25.6 ± 3.6	27.1 ± 4.4
Change from baseline	−0.1 ± 0.7	−0.1 ± 0.5	−0.2 ± 0.7	−0.1 ± 0.5	0.796
Waist circumference (cm)
Baseline	92.1 ± 10.4	88.6 ± 9.9	87.7 ± 9.2	92.3 ± 11.4	0.120
End of trial	91.7 ± 10.0	89.2 ± 9.8^*	88.0 ± 9.3	92.7 ± 11.7
Change from baseline	−0.4 ± 2.4	0.6 ± 1.8	0.4 ± 2.5	0.3 ± 2.8	0.243
Systolic BP (mmHg)
Baseline	141 ± 13	142 ± 14	138 ± 10	141 ± 14	0.504
End of trial	126 ± 13^***	130 ± 16^***	118 ± 13^***	126 ± 13^***
Change from baseline	−16 ± 11	−13 ± 14	−20 ± 11	−15 ± 12	0.104
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
Baseline	86 ± 8	86 ± 8	86 ± 7	89 ± 9	0.298
End of trial	78 ± 9^***	80 ± 6^***	77 ± 10^***	81 ± 10^***
Change from baseline	−8 ± 7	−6 ± 7	−8 ± 9	−8 ± 10	0.633
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
Baseline	8.4 ± 2.3	8.6 ± 2.4	8.6 ± 2.2	9.1 ± 2.1	0.484
End of trial	8.3 ± 2.2	8.0 ± 2.2	8.9 ± 2.8	8.8 ± 2.2
Change from baseline	−0.1 ± 2.4	−0.6 ± 3.0	0.4 ± 2.7	−0.3 ± 2.3	0.502
HbA1c (%)
Baseline	8.2 ± 1.0	7.9 ± 1.0	7.7 ± 0.8	8.0 ± 0.9	0.171
End of trial	7.9 ± 1.1	7.9 ± 1.3	7.9 ± 1.2	8.4 ± 1.3^*
Change from baseline	−0.3 ± 0.7	0.0 ± 0.8	0.2 ± 0.6^a	0.4 ± 1.1^ab	0.002
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
Baseline	1.7 ± 0.9	1.6 ± 0.7	2.2 ± 1.6	2.1 ± 2.0	0.367
End of trial	1.6 ± 0.9	1.5 ± 0.6	2.3 ± 1.6	2.6 ± 2.2^*
Change from baseline	−0.1 ± 0.7	−0.1 ± 0.5	0.1 ± 0.8	0.5 ± 1.2^ab	0.010
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
Baseline	4.7 ± 0.7	5.0 ± 1.0	5.0 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 0.8	0.209
End of trial	4.7 ± 0.8	5.0 ± 1.0	4.7 ± 0.7	4.9 ± 0.9^*
Change from baseline	0.1 ± 0.7	0.0 ± 0.7	−0.3 ± 0.9^b	0.2 ± 0.6^c	0.041
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
Baseline	2.8 ± 0.5	3.1 ± 0.8	2.9 ± 0.8	2.7 ± 0.7	0.143
End of trial	2.9 ± 0.6	3.1 ± 0.7	2.8 ± 0.7	2.8 ± 0.8
Change from baseline	0.1 ± 0.6	0.0 ± 0.6	−0.1 ± 0.5	0.0 ± 0.6	0.632
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
Baseline	1.0 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3	0.908
End of trial	1.1 ± 0.3^**	1.1 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3
Change from baseline	0.1 ± 0.2	0.0 ± 0.2	−0.1 ± 0.2^a	0.0 ± 0.2	0.016
Serum creatinine (µmol/L)
Baseline	81.4 ± 20.7	91.9 ± 26.8	82.3 ± 25.5	83.8 ± 29.5	0.307
End of trial	80.6 ± 19.7	91.4 ± 26.7	86.7 ± 31.5^*	92.8 ± 35.1^*
Change from baseline	−0.8 ± 9.3	−0.4 ± 10.1	4.4 ± 11.4	9.0 ± 17.3^ab	0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)
Baseline	85.4 ± 23.6	74.1 ± 24.4	87.7 ± 26.2	88.0 ± 27.1	0.071
End of trial	85.6 ± 22.7	74.6 ± 25.4	84.5 ± 26.4	79.2 ± 26.0^***
Change from baseline	0.2 ± 11.6	0.5 ± 10.9	−3.2 ± 13.5	−8.8 ± 14.9^ab	0.003
Hemoglobin (g/L)
Baseline	13.6 ± 1.7	13.3 ± 2.1	13.9 ± 2.2	13.6 ± 1.8	0.586
End of trial	13.4 ± 1.5^*	12.8 ± 1.9^**	13.7 ± 1.9	13.4 ± 1.8
Change from baseline	−0.3 ± 0.7	−0.4 ± 0.8	−0.2 ± 0.9	−0.2 ± 1.0	0.587
Platelets (10^9/L)
Baseline	243.4 ± 61.1	250.6 ± 72.2	256.7 ± 86.0	249.7 ± 66.4	0.882
End of trial	249.0 ± 59.7	262.7 ± 71.9	253.2 ± 62.8	261.6 ± 69.0^*
Change from baseline	5.5 ± 25.4	12.1 ± 37.9	−3.5 ± 50.2	11.9 ± 37.4	0.282
UAE (mg/g)
Baseline	162 ± 208	188 ± 255	331 ± 85	332 ± 666	0.848
End of trial	214 ± 315	162 ± 235	194 ± 555^*	262 ± 605^*
Change from baseline	52 ± 282	−25 ± 135	−137 ± 358^a	−70 ± 343	0.047
BDNF (ng/mL)
Baseline	9.3 ± 7.9	4.6 ± 3.1^a	6.4 ± 4.6	4.3 ± 4.0^ac	<0.001
End of trial	5.2 ± 4.2^***	7.9 ± 5.4^***	3.9 ± 2.9^***	7.3 ± 5.4^***
Change from baseline	−4.1 ± 5.3	3.3 ± 4.6^a	−2.6 ± 3.1^b	3.0 ± 3.0^ac	<0.001

BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; UAE, urinary albumin excretion.
Due to their skewed distributions, BDNF, triglyceride, and UAE were logarithmically transformed (log) in the analyses.
^# values among the four groups.
^*, ^**, and ^*** compared to the baseline.
^asignificantly different from the group with decreased BDNF after amlodipine/benazepril treatment.
^bsignificantly different from the group with increased BDNF after amlodipine/benazepril treatment.
^csignificantly different from the group with decreased BDNF after valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide treatment.