Review Article

Steroid Hormone Receptor Signals as Prognosticators for Urothelial Tumor

Table 1

Immunohistochemical studies for the expression of steroid hormone receptors in urothelial carcinoma specimens.

Author, year [reference]ReceptorLocationNontumor (nonneoplastic urothelium) versus tumorTumor gradeTumor stage Prognostic significance ( value)
Non-TumorTumor valueLG HG value NMIMI value

Boorjian et al., 2004 [36] AR49Bladder86%53%0.00189%49%0.05575%21%0.002NA
Boorjian et al., 2009 [25]AR55BladderNA44%0.06NANANA59%33%0.095NA
Kauffman et al., 2011 [37]AR59Bladder84%Roughly half <0.001NANANANANA0.028 
(NMI > MI)
NS
Mir et al., 2011 [38]AR472BladderNA13%NA12%13%0.839%15%0.058NS
Rau et al., 2011 [39]AR93UUTNANANANANA0.074 
(LG > HG)
NANA0.001 
(stage II > I)
0.568
Tuygun et al., 2011 [30]AR139Bladder0% (M)51% <0.00164%37%0.00260%21%<0.0010.095 (RFS) 
0.110 (PFS)
Miyamoto et al., 2012 [40]AR188Bladder80%42%<0.00155%36%0.02351%33%0.0180.071 (PFS/MI)
Shyr et al., 2013 [41]AR83UUTNA55%NA69%47%0.07063%44%0.114NA
Jing et al., 2014 [42]AR58BladderNA53%NA55%50%0.72449%69%0.195NA
Mashhadi et al., 2014 [43]AR120Bladder0%22%<0.001NANA<0.001NANA<0.0010.02
Nam et al., 2014 [44]AR169BladderNA37%NA39%33%0.26943% (Ta) 
30% (T1)
NA0.048 
(Ta vs T1)
0.001 (RFS) 
0.288 (PFS)
Williams et al., 2015 [45]AR297BladderNA25%NANANANA33% (Ta/Tis)19% (T1–3)0.010NA
Williams et al., 2015 [45]AR43UUTNA16%NANANANANANANANA
Kashiwagi et al., 2015 [46], and unpublished dataAR99UUT58%20%<0.00133%18%0.17714%24%0.301NS

Shen et al., 2006 [52]ER224BladderNA1%NANANANANANANANA
Bolenz et al., 2009 [53]ER198BladderNA5%0.06NANANANANA0.004 (OC > non-OC)NS
Miyamoto et al., 2012 [40]ER188Bladder50%27%<0.00138%23%0.04835%19%0.014NS
Mashhadi et al., 2014 [43]ER120Bladder2%3%0.67NANANANANANANA
Tan et al., 2015 [54]ER410BladderNA4%NANANSNANANSNANA
Kashiwagi et al., 2015 [46], and unpublished dataER99UUT40%18%0.00127%17%0.46511%23%0.183NS

Croft et al., 2005 [55]ER92BladderNA11–22%NA6–12% (G1-2)17–33% (G3)0.021–0.1775–9% (Ta)16–33% (≥T1)0.010–0.098NA
Shen et al., 2006 [52]ER224BladderNA63%NA58% (G1-2)70% (G3)0.08554%80%<0.001NA
Kontos et al., 2010 [56]ER111Bladder93%76%0.04195% (G1-2)56% (G3)<0.00183% (T1)54%0.011NA
Tuygun et al., 2011 [30]ER139Bladder0% (M)
36% (F)
27–30%<0.00122–26%31–34%0.44–0.5924–26%36–42%0.16–0.240.114 (RFS) 
0.025 (PFS)
Miyamoto et al., 2012 [40]ER188Bladder89%49%<0.00129%58%<0.00134%67%<0.0010.007 (PFS/LG) 
≤0.001 (PFS) 
0.007 (CSS/MI)
Kauffman et al., 2013 [57]ER72BladderNANA<0.001 
(N < T)
NANANANANANS0.030 (RFS) 
0.0018 (CSS)
Shyr et al., 2013 [41]ER83UUTNA43%NA44%43%1.00051%47%0.815NA
Nam et al., 2014 [44]ER169BladderNA31%NA27%41%0.04322% (Ta) 
42% (T1)
NA0.004 
(Ta vs T1)
0.004 (RFS) 
0.014 (PFS)
Tan et al., 2015 [54]ER410BladderNA100%NA100%100%NS100%100%NS0.055/0.087 (CSS)
Kashiwagi et al., 2015 [46], and unpublished dataER99UUT85%63%0.00173%61%0.40265%63%1.000NS

Ishiguro et al., 2014 [62]GR149Bladder96%87%0.02696%81%0.01196%74%<0.0010.025 (RFS/NMI) 
0.030 (PFS/MI) 
0.067 (CSS/MI)
Kashiwagi et al., 2015 [46], and unpublished dataGR99UUT84%63%0.00153%64%0.56362%63%1.000NS

Bolenz et al., 2009 [53]PR198BladderNA0%NANANANANANANANA
Mashhadi et al., 2014 [43]PR120Bladder2%4%0.48NANANANANANANA
Tan et al., 2015 [54]PR410BladderNA0%NA0%0%NS0%0%NSNA
Kashiwagi et al., 2015 [46], and unpublished dataPR99UUT13%16%0.4877%18%0.45314%18%0.7790.041 (CSS/pT3-4)

Hermann and Andersen, 1997 [70]VDR26BladderNA100%NA100%100%0.043
(LG < HG)
100%100%0.051
(NMI < MI)
NA
Sahin et al., 2005 [71]VDR105Bladder67%86%0.0281% (G1)91% (G2-3)NS85% (Ta) 
87% (T1)
NANS0.001 (PFS)

Inamoto et al., 2010 [85]Nurr1145Bladder0% (high)100% 
65% (high)
NA35% (high; G1-2)92% (high; G3)<0.00147% (high)92% (high; including T1b)<0.001<0.001 (RFS)  
<0.001 (CSS)

AR: androgen receptor; ER: estrogen receptor; GR: glucocorticoid receptor; PR: progesterone receptor; VDR: vitamin D receptor; UUT: upper urinary tract; NA: not analyzed; M: males; F: females; LG: low-grade; HG: high-grade; NMI: non-muscle-invasive; MI: muscle-invasive; OC: organ-confined; RFS: recurrence-free survival; PFS: progression-free survival; CSS: cancer-specific survival; NS: not significant
We calculated the two-tailed values using Fisher’s exact test.
Two criteria.
Cytoplasmic expression.