Steroid Hormone Receptor Signals as Prognosticators for Urothelial Tumor

Table 2

Molecules regulated by sex hormone receptor signaling in urothelial carcinoma.

	Associated receptor signaling	Effect on urothelial carcinogenesis and/or cancer progression	Hormone effect	Reference
CD24	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[88]
β-catenin	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[92, 93]
Slug	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[42]
EGFR	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[31]
ERBB2	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[31]
Akt	AR/ERα	Stimulation	Upregulation/downregulation	[31, 51]
ERK1/2	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[31]
Cyclin D1	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[26]
Cyclin D3	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[29]
Cyclin E	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[29]
FGFR3	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[29]
UGT1A	AR/ERβ	Inhibition	Downregulation/upregulation (SVHUC)	[28, 110]
p53	AR	Inhibition	Downregulation	[29, 118]
p21	AR	Inhibition	Downregulation	[29, 118]
PTEN	AR	Inhibition	Downregulation	[29]
c-myc	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[29]
Bcl-xL	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[26]
MMP-9	AR	Stimulation	Upregulation	[26]
ELK1	AR	Stimulation	Up-regulation	[33]
GATA3	AR/ERβ	Inhibition	Downregulation/upregulation (SVHUC)	[29]
INPP4B	ERα	Inhibition	Upregulation	[51]

AR: androgen receptor; ER: estrogen receptor.